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CH-281: Ch. 4
Ch. 4: Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Activation Energy | the initial input of energy required to tart a reaction |
| Active site | the region of an enzyme |
| Active Site | the region of an enzyme to which substrate(s) bind and where catalysis occurs |
| Allosteric Activator | molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the inactive form to the active form |
| Allosteric inhibitor | molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the active form to the inactive form |
| Allosteric regulation | specialized control mechanisms for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme |
| Allosteric Site | a regulatory site outside the active site |
| Anabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway in which energy is used to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; also called a biosynthetic pathway. an individual reaction in an anabolic pathway is an anabolic reaction, also called a biosyntheic reaction |
| Anabolic Reaction | metabolic reaction that requires energy to assemble simple substances into more complex molecules |
| ATP/ADP cycle | the continual hydrolysis and resynthesis of ATP in living cells |
| Biosynthetic reaction | an individual reaction in an anabolic pathway |
| Catabolic Pathway | a metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdonw of complex molecules to simpler compounds |
| Catabolic Reaction | cellular reaction that breaks down complex moleculues such as sugar to make their energy available for cellular work |
| Catalysis | the process of accelerating a chemical reaction with a catalyst |
| Catalyst | substance with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction |
| Coenzymes | organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds |
| Cofactor | an inorganica or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place |
| Competitive inhibition | inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that resembles the normal substrate closely enough so that it fits into the active site of the enzyme |
| End-product inhibition | in enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction |
| Endergonic reaction | reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied |
| Endothermic | referring to a reaction that absorbs energy, that is, a reaction in which the products have more potential energy than the reactants |
| Energy coupling | the process in living cells by which the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic reaction so that energy is not wasted as heat |
| Enthalpy | the potential energy in a system |
| Entropy | disorder, in thermodynamics |
| Enzyme | protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction |
| Enzyme specificity | the ability of an enzyme to catalyze the reaction of only a single type of molecule or group of closely related molecules |
| Exergonic reaction | reaction that has a negative DG because it releases free energy |
| Exothermic | referring to a reaction that releases energy, that is, a reaction in which the products have less potential energy than the reactants |
| Feedback inhibition | in enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction. Also referred to as end-product inhibition |
| First law of thermodynamics | the principle that energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed |
| Free energy | the energy in a system that is available to do work |
| Kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| Metabolism | the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow and reproduce |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and, therefore, doesn't compete directly with the substrate for binding to the active site |
| Phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Ribozyme | an RNA-based catalyst that is part of the biochemical machinery of all cells |
| Saturated enzymes | enzymes for which increases in substrate concentration have no effect on the reaction rate |
| Second law of thermodynamics | principle that for any process in which a system changes form an initial to a final state, the total disorder of the system and its surroundings always increases |
| Spontaneous reaction | chemical or physical reaction that occurs without outside help |
| Substrate | the particular reacting molecule or molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes |
| Thermodynamics | the study of the energy flow during chemical and physical reactions |
Created by:
srooker
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