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CH-281: Ch. 3
Ch. 3: Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alcohol | A molecule of the form R-OH in which R is a chain of one or more carbon atoms, each of which is linked to hydrogen atoms |
| Aldehyde | molecule in which the carbonyl group is linked to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain, along with a hydrogen atom |
| Alpha Helix | a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral |
| Amino Acid | A molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group. |
| Amino Group | group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to two hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain |
| Beta Sheet | (Beta sheet) A type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzags in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same or opposite direction. |
| C-terminal end | C-terminal end The end of an amino acid chain with a -COO- group |
| Carbonyl group | the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a carbon atom by a double bond |
| Carboxyl Group | the characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups |
| Cellulose | one of the primary consituents of plant cell walls, fromed by chains of carbonhydrate subunits |
| Chaperone Protein (chaperonin)` | "Guide" protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold |
| Cholesterol | the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes |
| Condensation reaction | reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits. Aslo referred to as dehydration synthesis reaction |
| Conformation | The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein |
| Conformational Change | Alteration in the three-dimensional shape of a protein |
| Denaturation | A loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it form its normal conformation |
| Deoxyribonucleotide | nucleotide containing deoxyribose as the sugar; deoxyribonucleotides are components of DNA |
| Deoxyribose | a 5-carbon sugar to which a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently in a nucleotide of DNA |
| Disulfide linkage | linkage that occurs when two sulfhydryl groups interact during a linking reaction |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | the large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms |
| Double helix | two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral |
| Enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other AKA asoptical isomers |
| Enzyme | protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction |
| Fat | neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures |
| Fatty acid | one of two components of a neutral lipid, containing a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group linked at one end |
| Functional groups | the atoms in reactive groups |
| Glycogen | energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells |
| Glycosidic Bond | Bond formed by the linkage of two a-clucos molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit |
| Hydrocarbon | molecule consisting of acarbon linked only to hydrogen atoms |
| Hydrolysis | reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits |
| Hydroxyl group | group consisting of an oxygen atom linked to ahydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side |
| Inorganic molecules | molecule without carbon atoms in its structure |
| Isomers | two ore more molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures |
| Ketone | molecule in which the carbonyl group is linked to a carbon atom in the interior of a carbon chain |
| Monounsaturated | fatty acids with one double bond |
| motif | a highly specialized region in a protein produced by the three-dimensional arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains |
| N-terminal end | the end of a polypeptide chain with an -NH3+ group |
| Neutral lipid | energy-storing molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains |
| Nitrogenous Base | a nitrogen-containing molecule with the properties of a base |
| Nucleoside | chemical structure containing only a nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar |
| Oil | neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures |
| Optical Isomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other AKA asenantiomers |
| Organic acid (carboxylic acid) | acid for whihc the characteristic functional group is a carboxyl group (-COOH) |
| Organic molecule | molecule based on carbon |
| Peptide ond | a link formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the -NH2 group of one amino acid and the -COOH group of a second |
| Phosphate group | group consisting of a central phosphorus atom held in four linkages: 2 bind -OH groups to the centrl phosphorus atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom, and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom |
| Phosphodiester bond | the linkge of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between the 5 carbon of one sugar and the 3 carbon of the next sugar in line |
| Phospholipid | a phosphate-containing lipid |
| Phytosterol | a sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes |
| Polypeptide | the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptid bonds |
| Polysaccharide | Chain with more than 10 linked monosaccharide subunits |
| Polyunsaturated | fatty acid with more than one double bond |
| Primary structure | the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| Purine | a type of nitrogenous base with two carbon-nitrogen rings |
| Pyrimidine | atype of nitrogenous base with one carbon-nitrogen ring |
| Quaternary structure | the arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than on chain |
| Random coil | an arrangement of the amino acid chain providing flexible regions that allow sections of the chain to bend |
| Renaturation | the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state |
| Ribonucleotide | nucleotide containing ribose as the sugar; ribonucleotides are components of RNA |
| Ribose | a 5-carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides link covalently |
| Saturated fatty acid | fatty aci with only single bonds linking the carbon atoms |
| Secondary Structure | regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypeptide chain |
| Starch | Energy-providing carbohydrates stored in plant cells |
| Steroid | A type of lipid derived from cholesterol |
| Sterol | Steroid with a single polar -OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other end |
| Structural isomers | two molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways |
| Sulhydryl group | group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom linked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon chain |
| Template | a nucleotide chain used in DNA replication for the assembly of a complementary chain |
| Tertiary Structure | the overall three-dimensional folding polypeptide chain |
| Triglycerid | a nonpolar compound produce when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each of glycerol's three -OH bearing sites |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | fatty acid with one or more double bonds linking the carbons |
| Wax | a substance insoluble in water that is formed when fatty acids combine with long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures |
Created by:
srooker
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