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CH-281: Ch. 2
Ch. 2: Life, Chemistry, and Water
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid | Proton donor that releases H+ (& anions) when dissolved in water |
| Acidity | The concentration of H+ in a water solution, as compared with the concentration of OH- |
| Adhesion | The adherence of molecules to the walls of conducting tubes, as in plants |
| Anion | a negatively charged ion |
| Atom | The smallest unit that retains the chemical and physical properties of an element |
| Atomic Nucleus | The nucleus of an atom, containing protons and neutron |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Weight | the weight of an element in grams, equal to the mass number |
| Avogadro's number | the number 6.022X10^23, derived by dividing the atomic weight of any element by the weight of an atom of that element |
| Base | Proton acceptor that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution |
| Bilayer | A membrane with two molecular layer |
| Bioremediation | Applications of chemical and biological knowledge to decontaminate polluted environments |
| Buffer | Substance that compensates for pH changes by absorbing or releasing H+. |
| Calorie (cal) | The amount of heat required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree Celcius, known as a small calorie; when capitalized, a unit equal to 1000 small calories |
| Cation | A positively charged ion |
| Chemical Bond | Link formed when atoms of reactive elements combine into molecules |
| Chemical Equation | A chemical reaction written in balanced form |
| Cohesion | The high resistance of water molecules to separation |
| Compound | A molecule whose component atoms are different |
| Concentration | The number of molecules or ions of a substance ina unit volume of spce |
| Covalent Bond | Bond formed by electron sharing between atoms |
| Dalton | a standard unit of mass, about 1.666X10^(-24) grams |
| Dissociation | The separation of water to produce hydrogen iions and hydroxide ions |
| Electron | negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom |
| Electronegativity | The measure of an atom's attraction for the electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom |
| Element | A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical techniques |
| Energy Levels | Regions of space within an atom wehre electrons are found. Aslo referred to as shells |
| Formula | the name of a molecule written in chemical shorthand |
| Heat of Vaporization | The heat required to give water molecules enough energy of motion to break loose from liquid water and form a gas |
| Hydration layer | a surface coat of water molecules that covers other polar and charged molecules and ions |
| Hydrogen bond | noncovalent bond formed by unequal electron sharing between hydrogen atoms and oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms |
| Hydrophilic | Polar molecules that associate readily with water |
| Hydrophobic | Nonpolar substance that are excluded by water and other polar molecules |
| Ice lattice | A rigid, crystalline structure formed when a water molecule in ice forms four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules |
| Ion | a positively or negatively charged atom |
| Ionic Bond | Bond that results form electrical attractions between atoms that have lost or gained electrons |
| Isotope | a distinct form of the atoms of an element, with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| Kilocalorie (kcal) | the scientific unit equivalent to a Calorie and equal to 1000 small calories |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| Mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus |
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Molarity (M) | the number of moles of a substance dissolved in 1 L of solution |
| Mole (mol) | amount of substance that contains as many atoms or molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12, which is 6.022X10^23 |
| Molecular weight | the weight of a molecule in grams, equal to the total mass number of its atoms |
| molecule | a unit composed of atoms combined chemically in fixed numbers and ratios |
| Neutron | uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Nonpolar association | Association that occurs when nonpolar molecules clump together |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | Bond in which electrons are shared equally |
| Orbital | The region of space where the electron lives most of the time |
| pH scale | the numerical scale used by scientists to measure acidity |
| Polar association | association that occurs when polar molecules attract and align themselves with other polar molecules and with charged ions and molecules |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Bond in which electrons are shared unequally |
| Product | An atom or molecule leaving a chemical reaction |
| Proton | Positively charged paricle in the nuclues of an atom |
| Radioactivity | The giving off of particles of matter and energy by decaying nuclei |
| Radioisotope | an unstable, radioactive isotope |
| Reactants | the atoms or molecules entering a chemical reaction |
| Reversible | the term indicatin that a reaction may go from left to right or from right to left, depending on conditions |
| Shells | Regions of space within an atoms where electrons are found |
| Solute | the molecules of a substance dissolved water |
| Solution | Substance formed when molecules and ions separate and are suspended individually, surrounded by water molecules |
| Solvent | the water in a solution in which the hydration layer prevents polar molecules or ions from reassociating |
| Specific Heat | the amount of heat required to increase the temp. of a given quantity of water |
| Surface tension | The force that places surface water molecules under tension, making them more resistant to separation than the underlying water molecules |
| Trace element | an element that occurs in organisms in very small quantities; in nutrition, a mineral required by organisms only in small amounts |
| Tracer | Isotope used to label molecules so that they can be tracked as they pass through biochemical reactions |
| Valence Electron | An electron in the outermost energy level of an atom |
| Van der Waals forces | weak molecular attractions over short distances |
| Water Lattice | an arrangement formed when a water molecule in liquid water establishes an average of 3.4 hydrogen bonds with its neighbors |
| Weight | a measure of the pull of gravity on an object |
Created by:
srooker
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