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bio chap 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clone | Any organism that is genetically identical to another, whether it is made by asexual reproduction or science |
| Asexual Reproduction | Basically, reproduction without sex |
| Binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction where the parent simply divides in half |
| Budding | A form of asexual reproduction where the organism grows off the parent and detaches as a new organism |
| Fragmentation | A form of asexual reproduction where fragments of the parent break off and grow into new organisms |
| Vegetative reproduction | A form of asexual reproduction in plants that takes two forms; plants growing off the roots of the parent, and plantlets growing off the parent plant |
| Characteristic number of chromosomes | The special number of chromosomes that each organism has; for example, turkeys have 82, and humans have 46 |
| Plasmids | Small circles of DNA found in prokaryotes that carry single genes for use against, say, antibiotics |
| Diploid | A form of cell with a double set of chromosomes |
| Haploid | A form of cell with only a single set of chromosomes |
| Homologous | The set of chromosomes in a pair |
| Somatic | The normal, diploid body cells |
| Gamete | The special, haploid reproductive cells |
| Ovum | The female gamete, also known as the egg. Plural: ova |
| Sperm | The male gamete |
| Meiosis | The process by which gametes are produced, which can be split into meiosis I and II. |
| Spores | The haploid cells produced by meiosis in fungi, which can grow into haploid organisms on their own |
| Fertilization | The fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote |
| Zygote | The first cell of life, formed by the egg and the sperm fusing |
| Crossing-over | A process that occurs during prophase I, where homologous chromosomes exchange DNA |
| Meiosis I | A phase of meiosis consisting of everything from prophase I to telophase I, which divides up the homologous chromosomes into 2 cells |
| Meiosis II | A phase of meiosis consisting of everything from prophase II to telophase II, which divides up the sister chromatids into 4 cells |
| Polar bodies | Extra cells formed during meiosis of the egg. In animals, they disintegrate; in plants, the larger of the two remains diploid and becomes the endosperm |
| Conjugation | A way to increase genetic variation among eukaryotes, where plasmids are exchanged via thin tubes of cytoplasm |
| Alteration of generations | A pattern of haploid and diploid stages in the life cycle of some organisms where the organisms mostly stay haploid, and become diploid only to divide again |
| Gills | Structures in mushrooms that provide the only diploid cells in the organism. When the roots of opposite mating systems join, the mushroom grows completely haploid, but for diploid gills undergoing meiosis to produce spores |
| Pollen | A sperm encased in a thick coating that allows it to be carried or blown to the egg, without having to swim there via water |
| Carpels | Fused leaves that protect the ovary of a flower |
| Ovary (In plants) | A structure containing many smaller structures called ovules, which produces eggs |
| Ovules | Tiny compartments where the ova develop |
| Polar nuclei | A pair of nuclei contained in an extra-large cell formed during the division that also forms the ovum and polar bodies in plants |
| Anther | A group of cells that undergo a number of cell divisions, both mitosis and meiosis, to produce a pollen grain with a tube cell |
| Pollination | The transfer of pollen from anther to carpel, whether within the same flower or between two different ones, by animals or nature. |
| Germination | A process by which the tube cell in the pollen extends to the ovum, allowing the first sperm nuclei to fertilize the ovum and the second to fertilize the polar body. |
| Endosperm | The triploid matrix that the zygote develops in |
| Auxin | A chemical produced by the seed coating, which is made from the ovule, that tells the ovary to become a fruit |
| Gonads | Organs in sexually reproducing organisms that produce gametes |
| Testes | The sperm-producing gonads |
| Ovary (In animals) | The egg-producing gonads |
| Self-fertilizing | A rare form of sexual reproduction in which an animal's sperm fertilizes its own eggs. Mostly, among creatures that make both, the gametes are fertilized by other creatures. |
| External fertilization | A process used by aquatic organisms that involves simply releasing eggs and sperm into the water, also called spawning. |
| Internal fertilization | A process used by terrestrial organisms that involves the sperm fertilizing the egg within the female's body |
| Courtship behavior | Complex rituals that ensure that the egg and sperm are both released, and that they are from the same creature |
| Oviducts | Tubes in the human female connected to the ovaries, which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus |
| Uterus | A muscular, pear-shaped organ where the baby develops |
| Vagina | A tube that functions to take in sperm, remove unused menstrual fluids, and allow an exit for the baby |
| Menstrual cycle | The egg-releasing cycle where the woman's body prepares for pregnancy |
| Hypothalamus | A glandular part of the brain that monitors and controls the menstrual cycle |
| Estrogen | A hormone that, along with progesterone, plays a big part in the menstrual cycle |
| Progesterone | A hormone that, along with estrogen, plays a big part in the menstrual cycle |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone, the hormone that makes an egg begin to mature |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone, a hormone that triggers the release of a mature egg and tells the uterus's lining to thicken |
| Ovulation | The release of an egg from the ovule, which is triggered by an increase in LH and leaves behind a corpus luteum |
| Corpus luteum | Literally, "yellow body," which is left behind after ovulation and releases estrogen and progesterone unless the egg is unfertilized, in which case it breaks down |
| Placenta | A coating that protects the embryo and releases HCG, which tells the corpus luteum to keep releasing estrogen and progesterone, which indirectly stops the start of another cycle |
| Gestation | The development of the infant. Three months in, the placenta takes over producing estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum |
| Oxytocin | A small peptide hormone that is released at time of birth, causing the baby to be born, the placenta to be expelled, the milk to be made, and the uterus to return to normal |
| Estrus | The scientific term for "in heat," since the menstrual cycle only occurs in female primates |
| Scrotum | A pocket of skin that contains the testes in humans, since sperm need a cooler temperature to develop properly |
| Seminiferous tubules | The highly coiled tubules in the testes where sperm are produced |
| Epididymis | A coiled part of the vas deferens where sperm are stored |
| Vas deferens | The duct by which sperm exits the body |
| Prostate gland | Along with the seminal vesicles, it produces seminal fluid |
| Seminal vesicles | Along with the prostate gland, it produces seminal fluid |
| Seminal fluid | The fluid that sperm swims in, which contains sugars to propel the sperm along |
| Androgens | The male counterparts to estrogen and progesterone |
| Testosterone | The most prominent and most important androgen |
| Secondary sex characteristics | The differences, aside from reproductive organs, between males and females |
| Puberty | The sexual maturation of an organism; age varies by nutrition, heredity, and more |
| Fertility | The ability to conceive children |
| In vitro fertilization | Fertilization in, traditionally, a "test tube," with the resulting embryo implanted in the uterus |
| Contraception | Methods that can decrease the chance of conception |
| Physical barrier | A form of contraception where there is a barrier blocking the egg from the sperm |
| Preventing ovulation | A form of contraception, usually with drugs, that prevents a woman from producing an egg |
| Foams or jellies | A form of contraception, usually used with the physical barrier, that halts or kills sperm |
| Surgical sterilization | Surgery that permanently halts sperm or egg production |
Created by:
lapplebey
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