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BIO110 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the link between food and health, growth, and energy | We need food for its energy and we need that energy to do the body's many process; also, we need food for the raw materials |
| Carnivore | predatory animals that consume only other animals; includes spiders, snakes, wolves, seals, bats, and cats |
| Herbivore | an organism that consumes only plants |
| Omnivore | an organism that eats plants and/or animals and can digest both efficiently |
| Calories | very small amounts of energy that we measure the energetic value of food in |
| Kilocalorie (kcal) | 1,000 calories |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | the amount of energy expended by a living organism at rest in a neutral temperature environment; different based on size |
| Calories | very small amounts of energy that we measure the energetic value of food in |
| Kilocalorie (kcal) | 1,000 calories |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | the amount of energy expended by a living organism at rest in a neutral temperature environment; different based on size |
| Explain the importance of water in biological functioning | Water... transports nutrients & waste materials takes part in chemical reactions serves as a solvent for many vitamins and minerals, amino acids, and sugars it lubricates joins, the spinal cord, and the eyes regulates body temperature |
| Proteins | found in meats, fish, cheeses, eggs, beans, nuts, seeds, and grains essential for body structure, muslces, hair, nails, receptors, enzymes, & hormones |
| Proteins | found in meats, fish, cheeses, eggs, beans, nuts, seeds, and grains essential for body structure, muslces, hair, nails, receptors, enzymes, & hormones |
| Carbohydrates | found in fruits, vegetables, grains important for making sugars for energy in photosynthesis |
| Fats | found in most animal products essential for cell membranes, hormone production, nervous system functioning |
| Vitamins | organic compounds that are essential nutrients required by the body in small amounts for normal growth and health |
| Minerals | the chemical elements, other than those commonly found in organic molecules--carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen--some of with are required in the diet in small amounts |
| Three features common to all vitamins and minerals | 1) They don't yield any usable energy 2)They need to be consumed in much smaller amounts than proteins, carbs, and fats in our diet 3) If we have a healthful diet, we tend to consume sufficient quantities of vitamins & minerals in our food |
| Fat Soluble vitamins | Vitamin A, D, E, K |
| Vitamin Supplements in the U.S. | most people in the United States do not benefit from taking vitamins & minerals as supplements (pg. 806) |
| Instincts affecting food preferences | cause animals to get hungry & seek out food when in that state; humans show a preference for fatty foods over others which stimulate the reward centers in the brain |
| Four steps of the digestive process | 1) Ingestion--food is taken into the body 2) Digestion--large pieces of food are dismantled by physically and chemically breaking them down 3) Absorption--energy-rich food molecules are taken into cells 4) Elimination--waste is expelled & water reabsor |
| Digestion organ order | mouth-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus |
| Peristalsis | waves of smooth muscle contractions that propel food along the digestive tract |
| Sphincter | a ring of muscle that opens or closes a passage between two chambers in the body, such as between the esophagus and the stomach |
| Chyme | a liquid mass of partially digested food that passes form the stomach through the small intestine |
| Amylase | for starch |
| Sucrase | for sucrose |
| Lactase | for lactose |
| Trypsin | for proteins |
| Lipase | for lipids/fats/oils |
| bile | helps break down fats |
| Enzymes in small intestine | Amylase, sucrase, lactase, trypsin, lipase, & bile |
| Basic requirements of a healthy diet | adequate amounts of essential nutrients and energy but not surplus amounts, & is low in substances including saturated fats, cholesterol, sugar, salt, & alcohol |
| Body Mass Index | BMI equals body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared BMI 25 or higher-overweight BMI 30 or higher-obese |
| Weight loss diets and modern interventions | involves drugs, surgery, or behavior modification, non of which are very reliably successful |
| Diabetes | individual does not adequately regulate their blood sugar levels; usually results from insufficient insulin secretion from the pancreas in response to an increase in blood sugar, or inadequate response of the cells of the body to insulin in bloodstream |
| Potential Energy | stored energy; the capacity to do work that results from an object's location or position, as in the case of water held behind a dam |
| Kinetic Energy | the energy of moving objects, such as legs pushing the pedals of a bicycle or wings beating against the air |
| Thermodynamics | study of energy transformations |
| Laws of Thermodynamics | describe how energy is converted |
| Thermodynamic Law #1 | energy is not created nor destroyed, only converted potential to kinetic & kinetic to potential |
| Thermodynamic Law #2 | energy conversion increases the entropy, or disorder, of the universe; 100% efficiency is impossible |
| Endergonic reaction | requires an energy investment; ex: synthesis |
| Exergonic reaction | puts out more energy than it requires to react; ex: decomposition reaction (ATP-->ADP+P |
| Metabolism | sum total of all synthesis and decomposition reactions in the body |
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amay322
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