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Zool 408: Methods
Laboratory Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Morphometrics | measurement of specimens |
| Types of morphometric data | body mass, total length, hind foot length, skull length, skull width, tooth size |
| 3D imaging methods | CT scan (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
| Flucuating asymmetry | deviation from bilateral symmetry (difference between R-L is 0) in paired traits |
| Causes of flucuating asymmetry | environmental stress such as low food quality/quantity, pollution, disease, genetic factors |
| More perfectly symmetrical | been able to handle developmental stress better |
| Methods of age determination | annulations on teeth, tooth wear patterns (from abrasive plants), rings on horns, antler structure, whale ear plugs |
| Cementum annuli | strong bonds form during periods of food stress (can build life history of animal) |
| Whale ear plugs | alternating dark (ear wax) and light laminae (shed skin) makeup growth layers |
| Rings on horns problems | brooming (breakage of horn end) |
| Rings on horns benefits | cheap, non-invasive, can collect from dead |
| Taxonomy | description of species and process of classifying species into groups |
| Biological classification | grouping organisms into ordered categories based on attributes (reflects similarities and consistent with evolutionary descent) |
| Phylogenetics | study of evolutionary history for groups of organisms |
| Phylogram | tree representing amount of genetic divergence (denoted by lengths of branches) |
| Taxonomic key | arrangement of traits of a group into hierarchical, dichotomous choices |
| Clade | common ancestor and all its descendants |
| Metabolic rate | energy expenditure (kJ/day) |
| Basal metabolic rate | respiratory rate of a resting animal needed for heart function, growth, repair, temperature maintenance |
| Measuring metabolic rate | doubly-labeled water |
| Doubly-labeled water | deuterium (2H) leaves as water, 18oxygen leaves as water and CO2. Subtract 2H from 18oxygen to find CO2 production |
| Physiological measures | urine, feces, blood, serum/creatine ratio |
| Urea | increases after a meal high in protein (i.e. is a function of digestion) |
| Creatine | related to total body mass |
| Corpus luteum | latin for 'yellow body', temporary endocrine structure in mammals which makes progesterones for pregnancy |
| Corpus albicans | latin for 'white body', regressed form of corpus luteum |
| Karyotype | depicts the number and shape of chromosomes (e.g. number, size, shape) |
| Sources of DNA | mitochondrial DNA (only from maternal lines, circular), nuclear DNA (all, maternal + paternal) |
| DNA-DNA hybridization | compares divergence between 2 species |
| Restricted fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) | DNA isolated and cut, used to examine distribution, subspecies and phylogenies |
| Variable numbers of tandem repeats | DNA fingerprinting for parental info, evolutionary processes, mate selection, reproductive success |
| Simple sequence repeats (SSR's)/ Short tandem repeats/ Microsatellites | variability due to mutation |
| Single nucleotide polymorpshism | DNA sequence variation which can detect selection in a population |
| Outgroup | taxon used for comparioson in phylogenetic analyses |
| Bootstrapping | re-sampling technique which constructs replicate data sets |
| Clocks | measures evolutionary time in nucleotide subsitiutions/year and assumes constant mutation rate |
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