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Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chondrocranium | endochondral; sides, bottom, and back of brain case; otic and olfactory areas; all living craniates |
| splanchnocranium | endochondral; gill skeleton and all derivatives: mandibular arch, hyoid arch, other visceral arches; all living craniates |
| dermatocranium | dermal bones, covers chondrocranium and dermatocranium, lacking in living agnathans and chondrichtyans |
| iterative homologues | homologue that occurs in the same body, ex: visceral arches of splanchnocranium |
| gill rakers | structures on epibranchial and ceratobranchial series that point in, feeding to trap like a strainer or impale prey rather than teeth |
| gill rays | structures on epibranchial and ceratobranchial series that point out, supports respiratory tissue |
| autostylic suspension | primitive, palatoquadrate cartilage fused to chrondrocranium, hyomandibula not as suspensor and unattached to chondrocranium |
| amphistylic suspension | early chondrichthyan and early bony fishes, both palatroquadrate and hyomandibula are connected to chondrocranium |
| hyostylic suspension | living chondrichthyans and bony fishes, hyomandibula connects jaws to chondrocranium, orbital process on top of palatoquadrate small connection |
| secondary autosylic suspension | holocephalans, dipnoans, and tetrapods; jaws fused to chondrocranium; hyomandibula free of suspension function |
| collumela | hyomandibula in amphibians, used for sound transduction, splanchnocraium |
| stapes | hyomandibula in amniotes, used for sound transduction, splanchnocranium |
| impendence matching | transmission from airborne sound to fluid sound |
| monimostyly | fixed quadrate; amphibians, turtles, crocodiles, tuataras |
| steptostyly | mobile quadrate; mobile joint; swings back and forth; birds, lizards, snakes; very successful; snout is movable independent of the rest of the skull |
| trabeculae | formed from neural crest ectoderm, paired anterior pieces of cartilage that form floor of brain case |
| parachordal | formed from sclerotome, paired posterior pieces of cartilage that form floor of brain case |
| occipital cartilages | formed from sclerotome, pieces of cartilage that form back of brain case, form foramen magnum (spinal cord), connected to parachordals above notocord |
| orbital cartilages | fuse with nasal and otic capsules to form dorsolateral part of brain case; preoptic, postoptic, and preoptic pillars |
| basal plate | formed where parachordals fuse medially, incorporates and surrounds notocord, becomes basisphenoid in bony skulls |
| ethmoid plate | formed where trabeculae fuse medially |
| hypophyseal fenestra | space for pituitary parts to form, between ethmoid plate and basal plate |
| sclerotic bones | bones formed in the sclera surrounding the eye, lizards and dinosaurs including birds, support large eyes, need eye to stay spherical, maintains shape via sclerotic |
| supraciliary bones/palpebral bones | present in eyelids of crocodilians |
| tympanic bulla | ear encased, endotympanic (no homologues) + ectotympanic (angular/lower jaw) |
| petrosal bone | prootic + opisthotic bones |
| choanae | internal opening of nostril |
| axial skeleton | notocord, vertebrae, dorsal/caudal/anal unpaired fins, ribs, sternum, gastralia |
| gastralia | abdominal ribs/not true ribs |
| nucleus pulposus | what notocord is reduced to in many craniates, filling of intervertebral disks |
| chordasmesoderm | special type of mesoderm that only forms the notocord |
| intercalary plate | dorsal and ventral, unique to elasmobranchii, in between vertebral arches, make vertebral column look continuous |
| vertebral arch | tail of chondrichtyans, hollow space for spinal cord to run |
| vertebral centrum | body/center of vertebral column, chrondichthyans, tetrapod, fish |
| hemal arch | tails of chondrichthyans, where caudal vein and artery run |
| neural spine | tetrapod and fish, above, muscle attachment |
| neural arch | tetrapod, space for spinal cord to run |
| zygapophysis | cranial: anterior, up and out; caudal: posterior, down and in; resist twisting; adjacent vertebrae contact; tetrapods; need to support body weight - resists buckling |
| parapophysis | tetrapods, at the junction where 2 vertebrae come together, where capitulum head of rib attaches |
| diapophysis | tetrapods, 1 on each side of each vertebra, where tuberculum head of rib attaches |
| hemal spine | fish, below, muscle attachment |
| monosponsylous vertebra | 1 centrum per arch/spine, less flexible, most animals |
| diplospondylous vertebra | 2 centrum per arch/spine, more flexible, tail of amia |
| amphicoelous vertebrae | both concave; primitive; not good for weight support; little restriction of motion; fish, caecilians, geckos, tuatara; may be pierced by notocord |
| procoelous vertebrae | concave anteriorly; ball & socket; greater weight support; frogs, crocodylians, most lizards |
| opisthocoelous vertebrae | concave in back; better for supporting weight; ginglymods, urodeles, mammals |
| acoelous vertebrae | flat with intervertebral disks, not so good for supporting weight, mammals functionally and whales/dolphins |
| heterocoelous vertebrae | concave on both ends but in opposite directions, cervical of birds (rest of body is fused, need motion in neck) |
| basipophyses | off centrum, paired, point down - ventral ribs |
| hypophyses | off centrum, single, point straight down - muscle attachment |
| myosepta | lengthwise part of septa |
| skeletogenous septa | sheets of connective tissue that divide animal up into sections |
| perichodral sheath | surrounds notocord |
| dorsal septum | top of longitudinal septum |
| horizontal septum | septum that divide body horizontally |
| lateral septum | where longitudinal septum diverges around gut |
| ventral septum | bottom of longitudinal septum |
| myotomes | muscles between myosepta |
| perichordal rings | where skeletogenous septa intersect with perichordal sheath, thicken to form vertebrae in anamniotes |
| scletotomites | developing vertebrae, anterior-rich and posterior-poor, resegment in order to be out of phase with myotomes |
| dorsal and anal fins | attach to pterygiophores, prevent roll |
| pterygiophores | skeletal elements that support fins, don't attach but embed in muscle, point of attachment for lepitotrichia/ceratotrichia |
| caudal fins | attach to vertebrae |
| pitch | destabilized front up and down |
| yaw | destabilized front side to side |
| roll | destabilized turns upon longitudinal axis |
| heterocercal caudal fin | not symmetrical; bends up, generates life; sharks, chondrosteans, gars, bowfins |
| homocercal caudal fin | more or less symmetrical, little bend, teleosts |
| diphycercal caudal fin | tail tuft, unrestricted notocord-no centrum, dipnoans and coelacanths |
| hypocercal caudal fin | bent downward, fossil fish, force downward while swimming, bottom dwellers |
| protocercal caudal fin | agnathans, primitively symmetrical |
| hypural | ural: tail, pterygiophores that extend ventrally |
| epural | ural: tail, pterygiophores that extend dorsally |
| intermuscular rib | dorsal; into muscle, separation of epaxial and hypaxial musculature, sarcopterygians and cladistians, single headed |
| subperitoneal rib | ventral, around gut tube, along coelomic cavity, basipophyses, actinopterygians and cladistians, single headed |
| tetrapod ribs | form endochondrally, bicipital, support weight, form along whole column except tail |
| pleurapophyses | where tetrapod ribs fuse to vertebrae, lumbar of mammals |
| costal cartilages | connects rib to sternum |
| sternum | tetrapods only, form intramembranously, attached to ribs except in amphibians, links left and right girdles, functions with lung ventilation, neomorphic, segmented in mammals |
| gastralia | forms intramembranously; remnants of body armor; abdominal ribs; protect abdomen; crocodiles, tuataras, dinosaurs |
| intercentrum | rhipdistians and sarcopterygians more related to tetrapods and some amniotes, median part of bigger centra |
| pleurocentra | rhipdistians and sarcopterygians more related to tetrapods and some amniotes, 2 lateral parts of bigger centra |
| urostyle | anurans, fused caudal vertebrae |
| autotomy plates | most lizards, preformed zone of weakness in bone and surrounding tissue --> tail breaks --> escape --> caudal regeneration |
| zygosphenes | anterior additional link between adjacent vertebrae on top of zygapophysis, snakes |
| zygantrum | posterior additional link between adjacent vertebrae on top of zygapophysis, snakes |
| carapace | turtles, intramembranously formed, dorsal, incorporates ribs, trunk vertebrae fused into |
| plastron | turtles, intramembranously formed, ventral |
| cryptodire | turtles, pull head in an S shape and under shell |
| pleurodire | turtles, turn head in and tuck under edge of shell |
| carapacial ridge | origin of turtles, results in attraction of developing ribs by the chemical gradient, girdles don't move, ribs do |
| synsacrum | birds, fused pelvis and posterior vertebral column |
| uncinate processes | on ribs of birds, overlapping |
| pygostyle | birds, caudal vertebrae fused to form short tail |
| atlas | first modified vertebra, tetrapods, ball for occipital condyle |
| axis | second modified vertebra, amniotes |
| dens/odontoid process | on axis, held in place by transverse ligament so it doesn't cut spinal cord |
| chevron bones | whales, ventral on caudal vertebrae |
| metapophysis | whales, additional intervertebral linkage |
| xenarthrous articulation | armadillos, strong overlap on sides of vertebrae - fused |
| coccyx | humans, fused caudals |
| Fin-fold hypothesis | gnathostome embryos have a limb-forming zone of cells in the lateral plate mesoderm, ancestral cell death, limb expression controlled by Hox genes (not all areas are competent), locomotion initially - cephalochordate metaplueral folds |
| Body spine hypothesis | fossil fish had body spines without girdles, protective initially, not homologous because dermal but limbs form endochondrally |
| tribasic fin | propterygium, mesopterygium, metapterygium |
| basal pterygiophores | connect radial pterygiophores to girdle, insert into glenoid/acetabulum, chondrichthyans & osteichthyans pelvic |
| radial pterygiophores | connect lepido/ceratotrichia to basal pterygiophores, connect to ends of basal pterygiophores in pectoral and lateral axis in pelvic, chondrichtyans & osteichthyans |
| primary girdle | dorsal scapula, ventral coracoid, endochondral formation |
| secondary girdle | posttemporal, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, cleithrum, clavicle, interclavicle, intramembranous formation |
| monobasic fin | single basal pterygiophore |
| archipterygium | biserial, radial pterygiophores on both sides, vertical axis, lungfish |
| crossopterygium | uniserial, radial pterygiophores on one side, curved axis, coelacanths & rhipdistians |
| pentadactyly | 5 digits |
| cheiropterygium | tetrapod pentadactyl limb |
| phalangeal formula | number of phalanges in each digit |
| prepollux & prehallux | additional phalanges, looks like 6th digit but just enlargement |
| inominate bones | left and right sides of tetrapod pelvic (3 bones in each) |
| procoracoid process | salamanders |
| ypsiloid cartilage | some salamanders, y-shaped cartilage attached to pubic bone and runs up to abdomen, muscles use this to lift up abdomen, limbed aquatic animals - low energy way to breath |
| sirens | salamanders without hind legs |
| amphiumids | salamanders with tiny nubs as appendages |
| suprascapula | frogs, plate-like, connected to scapula |
| arciferal | coracoids cross, tree frogs |
| firmisternal | coracoids fold |
| tibiale | |
| epicoracoid cartilages | run from coracoid to attach to clavicle & interclavicle, mechanical linkage |
| prepubic cartilage | in front of pubis |
| hypoischial cartilage | below ischium |
| saurischian pelvis - dinosaur | lizard pelvis, typical tetrapod, pubis points anteriorly, birds come from this type |
| ornithischian pelvis - dinosaur | bird pelvis, prepubis (extension of pubis that points anteriorly), pubis & ischium point posteriorly, large space for eggs passages in birds but not in dinosaurs |
| olecranon | well developed elbow for muscles attachment, lizards |
| calcaneum "heel" | lizards, 5th metatarsal, allows ankle to flex, attachment of muscles |
| zygodactyly | chameleons & woodpeckers, fusion of digits, creates pincher |
| polyphalangy/hyperphalangy | some geckos & ichthyosaurs, more phalanges in each digit |
| paraphalanges | some geckos & ichthyosaurs, neomorphic, extensions off phalanges, webbed |
| polydactyly/hyperdactyly | more digits |
| pneumatized | air spaces in bones of birds, lighter for flight, ventilation |
| carpometacarpus | fusion of carpals & metacarpals in birds |
| furcula | fused clavicles in birds |
| hypocleideum | central interclavicle in birds |
| wishbone | furcula + hypocleideum |
| tibiotarsus | fusion of ankle & tibia |
| tarsometatarsus | fusion of ankle & metatarsals |
| patagium | skin membrane that forms wings in bats & pterosaurs |
| acromion | part of scapula, makes it bigger, 3 axes, 2 attach to carapace & 1 to plastron, limited mobility, makes scapula into a v shape |
| epiplastron | clavicle homologues in turtle plastron |
| entoplastron | interclavicle homologue in turtle plastron |
| hyoplastron | below epi & ento plastron, neomorphic |
| hypoplastron | below hyoplastron, neomorphic |
| xiphiplastron | below hypoplastron, bottom on plastron, neomorphic |
| epipubic bones | monotremes & marsupials, forward from pubis, specialized muscular linkage in locomotion, sprawling posture |
| obturator foramen | hole between the pubis and ischium |
| parasagittal carriage |
Created by:
emarti16
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