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AP Bio Ch 18 and 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are | A vehicle for the insertion of foreign genes into bacteria |
| What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes? | To cleave nucleic acids at specific sites |
| What is a cloning vector? | An agent, such as a plasmid, used to transfer DNA from an in vitro solution into a living cell |
| What are the typical characteristics of a cloning vector? | Bacterial cells cannot survive without it when grown under certain conditions, it contains restriction sites that allow the insertion of foreign DNA segments, and it can replicate in bacterial cells |
| Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process? | exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills the cells lacking the plasmid |
| The principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria is that | bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns |
| Yeast cells are frequently used as hosts for cloning because | they are easy to grow, they can remove introns from mRNA, and they have plasmids. |
| The polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to | make many copies of a targeted segment of DNA |
| ______ produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product | Gene cloning |
| _______ separates molecules due to size and electrical charge | gel electrophoresis |
| _____ seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA | DNA ligase |
| _____ cuts DNA molecules at specific locations | restriction enzymes |
| Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process? | gel electrophoresis |
| Which of the following is true about viruses? a) Viruses are classified below the cellular level of biological organization b) a single virus particle contains both DNA and RNA c) Even small virus particles are visible with light microscopes | viruses are classified below the cellular level of biological organization |
| Viruses can consist of | doubled stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, single stranded DNA, and single stranded RNA |
| The host range of a virus is determined by | the proteins on its surface and the proteins on the surface of the host cell |
| viruses are referred to as obligate because | they cannot reproduce outside of a host cell |
| Name a characteristic of the lytic cycle | a large number of phages are released at a time |
| bacteriophage DNA that have become integrated into the host cell chromosome are called | prophages |
| virulent phages undergo a _____ life cycle, whereas temperate phages are capable of undergoing a _____ cycle | lytic; lysogenic |
| What is the function of the single-stranded RNA in certain animal viruses? | it can serve directly as mRNA, it can serve as a template for mRNA synthesis, and it can serve as a template for DNA synthesis |
| viral envelopes contain proteins with covalently attached carbohydrate groups called | glycoproteins |
| the simplest infectious biological systems are | viroids |
| RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation because | replication of their genomes does not involve the proofreading steps of DNA replication |
| What contributes to the emergence of viral disease? | production of new virus strains through mutation and the spread of existing virus from one host species to another |
| What is a difference between viruses and viroids? | viruses have capsids conposed of protein, whereas viroids have no capsids. |
| what are prions? | misfolded versions of normal brain protein |
| reproduction in bacteria requires | replication of DNA |
| what is the most common source of genetic diversity in a bacterial colony? | mutation |
| External DNA is assimilated by a cell. | transformation |
| DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus. | transduction |
| a group of F+ bacteria is mixed with a group of F- bacteria. After several days, all of the bacteria are F+. | conjugation |
| A plasmid is exchanged between bacteria through a pilus | conjugation |
| A sequence of DNA is moved to alternative locations within the genome | transposition |
| In biotechnology, genes are commonly introduced into bacterial cells by incubating the cells together with DNA and high concentrations of calcium ions. this is an example of | transformation |
| What does bacterial mating involve? | formation of a cytoplasmic bridge for the transfer of of "male" DNA |
| What does the operon model attempt to explain? | the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria |
| This protein is produced by a regulatory gene | repressor |
| A lack of this nonprotein molecule would result in the inability of the cell to "turn off" genes | corepressor |
| a mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. | continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. |
Created by:
Soulessginger
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