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Benchmark 3 Biology
Benchmar 3 Biology Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| History of Earth and Geologic Time | History of Earth and Geologic Time |
| To our best estimates, what is the age of the Earth? | 4.5 Billion Years Old |
| Define Radiometric Dating | The estimation of the age of an object by measuring the content of certain radioactive isotopes |
| Define Half-Life | How long they can be created through natural processes |
| What have experiments shown scientists about the formation of the building blocks of bio-molecules? | That they can be created through natural processes |
| What was the first living thing on Earth? | Prokaryote like Cyanobacteria |
| How did early cyanobacteria affect the Earth’s ecosystem? | Altered the atmosphere by releasing oxygen |
| Current evidence supports that idea that eukaryotes evolved from what types of organisms? | Prokaryotes through the process of Endosymbiosis |
| Name the organelles that are believed to be symbiotic eubacteria.(2) | Mitochondria and Chloroplast |
| The concept of endosymbiosis is supported by what four pieces of evidence? (1&2) | -The size and structure of both organelles is very similar to prokaryotes. -These two organelles have a ring of DNA like a prokaryotes that is different from the DNA found in the nucleus |
| The concept of endosymbiosis is supported by what four pieces of evidence? (3&4) | -The ribosomes of these two organelles are the same size and structure of prokaryotes. -These two organelles reproduce in a different manner and it occurs independently of the host cell |
| Multicellular organisms first appeared on Earth how long ago? | 700 million years ago |
| These organisms are members of what group? (First ones to appear on Earth) | Protist |
| The Geologic Timeline is a history of the Earth that is divided into chunks based on what types of major events? | -Mass extinction -New species appearing -Climatic change -Geologic change |
| Define Evolution | Change over time |
| Define Gradualism | Slow and steady change in the fossil record |
| Define Punctuated Equilibrium | Long periods of no change followed by periods of rapid species formation |
| Did Darwin discover evolution? | No |
| What was Darwin’s main contribution to the idea of evolution? | Discovered a mechanism to explain HOW species could change over time |
| What is the term for an explanation of observed natural events that is supported by a variety of different fields of science? | Theory |
| Is this (Theory) the same as an opinion or an educated guess? | No |
| Whose hypothesis states, "a giraffe who stretches his neck to reach leaves will get a longer neck and produce offspring with longer necks"? | Lamarck |
| What three scientists were considered to be among the first true geologists? | -Cuyier -Hutton -Lyell |
| What specific idea of Lamarck had the greatest impact on Darwin? | Environment selecting the most advantageous traits |
| What was the original purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle? | Map the coast of South America |
| What chain of islands was one of the most important stops during the voyage of the Beagle? | Galapagos Island |
| The idea that all of Darwin’s finch species come from one ancestral species is referred to as ______________________. | Decent with modification |
| What was the main idea of the 1798 Thomas Malthus essay, for which he won the Nobel Prize? | Population was growing faster the food supply and that this could lead to famine, war, and disease |
| Darwin condensed his thoughts on evolution into what three conclusions? | -Many organisms produce more offspring then can survive -All populations are limited by their environments -Darwin included in this idea, which caused problems for many people of the day |
| How does natural selection define the overall success of a species? | Reproductive success |
| Name four examples of species for which we have a fairly complete record of change over time | -Whale -Diatom -Horses -Some Plants |
| Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his research on evolution? | Avoiding the controversy |
| What finally prompted Darwin to release his ideas on evolution to the public? | And essay from Alfred Russell Wallace that was very similar to his ideas |
| What was the name of Darwin’s 1859 book? | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
| How did the public respond to this book? | They ridiculed him |
| List the three parts of Darwin’s hypothesis | -Variation exists within any population -Those better suited to survive in a particular environment will have more surviving offspring -The traits of those survivors will become more common in the population |
| List the three steps involved in the creation of a fossil from a recently deceased organism (Step 1) | The organism must die and be buried quickly. (before it can be eaten by scavengers or destroyed by natural processes) |
| List the three steps involved in the creation of a fossil from a recently deceased organism (Step 2) | The buried organism mist be undisturbed for thousands of years so water can slowly leach out the material of the hard body parts and replace them with other minerals |
| List the three steps involved in the creation of a fossil from a recently deceased organism (Step 3) | The fossil must be exposed again to the surface so it can be found |
| What amount of the total number of organisms that have ever lived on Earth are preserved in the fossil record? | A tiny fraction |
| What particular locations would be most likely to produce future fossils? | -Near wet lowlands -Slow-moving streams -Lakes, shallow sea -Near ash volcano |
| Define Intermediate Form | Fossils of organism that bridge the gap between different major groups. |
| Define Vestigial Structures | A structure that is reduced in size and function |
| Define Homologous Structures | Anatomical structures that are the same but serve different purposes |
| Do scientists still use the term “missing link”? | No |
| Why or why not (Do scientists still use the term "missing link") | It implies hat there is only one species between two major groups |
| Name three pairs of organisms for which there exists clear intermediate forms in the fossil record | -Fish and Amphibians -Reptiles and Birds -Reptiles and Mammals |
| The ancestor of the modern whale was a land creature that lived approximately how long ago? | 60 Million Years ago |
| What structural features of the whale make scientists think that their ancestors once lived on land? | Hind limb and Hip bones |
| Which is a better indicator of evolutionary relationship: structure or function? | Structural |
| What regulates the early stages of an organism’s embryonic development, causing some very different organisms to have similar structures? | Master Genes |
| Name three structures common to all vertebrates during early development | -Tail -Limb Buds -Pharyngeal Pouches |
| Would two organisms with very similar DNA be more or less closely related to one another? | More closely related |
| List the four factors in natural selection that are true for all populations | 1.)Variation exists in all populations 2.)Environment presents challenges to reproduction 3.)More offspring are produced then can survive 4.)Individuals better able to cope with the challenges well have more offspring survive to reproduce themselves |
| What factor determines the beak size and shape of the finches on the Galapagos Islands? | Precipitation |
| Name the two scientists that still study Galapagos finches today and have done so for the past 30 years? | Peter and Rosemary Grant |
| Define Divergence | Accumulation of differences between groups |
| Define Speciation | Process of a new species forming |
| What two factors can lead to two groups being considered separate species? | -Increased genetic differences -Inability to reproduce |
| What reproductive barrier caused salamanders in California to diverge and for speciation to occur? | Geographic barrier |
| What factors have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of some bacterial diseases? | -Over use of antibiotics -A few of bacteria will be resistant to the antibiotics -These few resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce |
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iboy201
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