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Micro Lec Chap2
(test 2/21)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | study of interaction of atoms and molecules |
| Atom | small unit of matter in chemical reactions [composed of electrons(-), protons(+), and neutrons(neutral)] |
| Molecule | atoms interact to form molecules; Cations(+) and Anions(-) |
| Macromolecules | small organic molecules combine into larger |
| Element | each element has different # of protons |
| Isotopes | atoms with different # of neutrons |
| Electron | NEGATIVELY charged particle |
| Proton | POSITIVELY charged particle |
| Neutron | UNCHARGED particle |
| Nucleus (of atoms) | composed of Protons & Neutrons |
| Electron Shells | arrangement of electrons surrounding nucleus corresponding to different ENERGY LEVELS |
| Valence | # of 'missing' or 'extra' electrons in OUTER shell |
| Most ABUNDANT atoms | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
| Compound | contains different kinds of atoms (Ex: H2O, CO2) |
| Chemical Bonds | forces holding atoms in a compound; # of protons= # of electrons |
| Ions | atoms that have gained or lost electrons and are CHARGED |
| Ionic Bond | attraction between ions of opposite charge; (Ex: K(+) and I(-)= KI (one gains & one loses) |
| Covalent Bond | form when 2 atoms share electrons; (Ex: H2O, 2 hydrogens + 1 oxygen) |
| Hydrogen Bonds | bond between a H atom covalently bonded to O or N & another covalently bonded O or N molecule. (think H20-->H2O) |
| Chemical Reactions | involve making or breaking of bonds between atoms, change in chemical energy (endergonic vs exergonic) |
| Endergonic Reaction | ABSORB energy |
| Exergonic Reaction | RELEASE energy |
| Synthesis Reaction | combine to form LARGER molecules (A+B=AB); ANABOLISM |
| Decomposition Reaction | split to form SMALLER molecules (AB=A+B); CATABOLISM |
| Exchange Reaction | part synthesis and part decomposition; HCl+NaHCO3 -> NaCl+H2CO3 |
| Reversible Reaction | can readily go either way; have 2 arrows |
| Organic Compound | always contain C or H; chain of C's=carbon skeleton |
| Inorganic Compound | typically LACK carbon |
| Polar Molecule | H2O |
| Acids | a substance that dissociates into one or more H+; HCl -> H+ + Cl-; increased H+ = increased acidity |
| Bases | a substance that dissociates into one or more OH-; NaOH -> Na+ + OH-; increased OH- = increased alkalinity |
| pH | The amount of H+ in a solution; Neutral=7; avg organism growth 6.5-8.5 |
| Salt | a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-; NaCl -> Na+ + Cl- |
| Polymers | many macromolecules |
| Monomers | join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
| Hydrolysis | adding of H2O to split molecules (produces ATP); Sucrose+H2O -> Glucose + Fructose |
| Salt | a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-; NaCl -> Na+ + Cl- |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Removing H2O; Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose+H2O |
| Polymers | many macromolecules |
| Carbohydrates(starches) | important for STRUCTURE and ENERGY source; contain (CH2O)n |
| Monomers | join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
| Hydrolysis | adding of H2O to split molecules (produces ATP); Sucrose+H2O -> Glucose + Fructose |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Removing H2O; Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose+H2O |
| Carbohydrates(starches) | important for STRUCTURE and ENERGY source; contain (CH2O)n |
| Monosaccharide | simple SUGARS; 3-7 carbon atoms |
| Polysaccharide | consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis |
| Chitin | is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times |
| Lipids | primary component of cell membranes; nonpolar & nonsoluble in water |
| Protein | essential in cell structure and FUNCTION; consist of subunits called AMINO ACIDS |
| Enzymes | proteins that SPEED UP chemical reactions |
| Transport Protein | move chemical across membranes |
| Enzymes | proteins that SPEED UP chemical reactions |
| Amino Acids | |
| Transport Protein | move chemical across membranes |
| Peptide Bonds | |
| Amino Acids | 20, acid group + amino group |
| Polypeptide | chain of amino acids |
| Peptide Bonds | bonds between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis |
| Primary Structure | LONG chain of proteins |
| Secondary Structure | occur when amino acid chains FOLD & COIL into a HELIX or PLEATS |
| Secondary Structure | occur when amino acid chains FOLD & COIL into a HELIX or PLEATS |
| Quatenary Structure | 2 or more polypeptide chains (folded state) |
| Tertiary Structure | consist of nucleotides (pentose, phosphate groups, nitrogen base) |
| DNA | has deoxyribose, double helix; A(hydrogen bonds with)T & C(hydrogen bonds with)G |
| Quatenary Structure | has ribose, single-stranded; A(hydrogen bonds with)U & C(hydrogen bonds with)G |
| ATP | energy stored in cells; has ribose, adenine, & 3 phosphate groups; ATP -> ADP + P; -> made by dehydration synthesis & <- broken down by Hydrolosis |
Created by:
kwright0005
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