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Nutrition
Test 3 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many kcals does it take to make 1 pound? | 3500 |
| what is nhanes? | national health and nutrition examination survey |
| how often is nhanes performed? | anually on 5000 people |
| what is nutrition screening initiative? | program designed for senior citizens living independently |
| name the name the food assistance and nutrition programs | national school lunch program, wic,food stamp program, title III elderly nutrition program of the older americans act |
| who is eligible for national school lunch program? | children from families with incomes at poverty level |
| what does national school lunch program do? | provides free or reduced lunches |
| when was national school lunch program modified? | 1971 |
| what does wic stand for? | women infants and children |
| who is eligible for wic? | pregnant and lactating women, children up to 5yrs old from low income, high medical risk families |
| what does wic program do? | makes available supplemental foods and nutritional education through participating health clinics |
| when was the food stamp program established? | 1964 |
| who is eligible for food stamps? | needy individuals and families |
| what does food stamp program do? | supplement food buying power;gives freedom of choice |
| who is eligible for benefits of the Title III elderly nutrition program of the older americans act? | senior citizens;older adults |
| what does the title III elderly nutrition program of the older americans act do? | established dining and home delivered meals(meals on wheels) |
| what is the percentage of RDA's that meals on wheels must provide? | 1/3 |
| by law, what is the amount of fat allowed in school meals? | less than 30% |
| by law, how much of RDA's must be provided by school? | 1/3 |
| who are the regulatory bodies for food safety? | centers for disease control(cdc);food and drug administration(fda);united stated dept of agriculture(usda) |
| what is the cdc responsible for? | risk assessment for public health hazzards;support state health dept in managing outreak response |
| what is the fda responsible for? | regulating food ingredients, packaging, labeling, safety;also regulates food import and export;regulates infant formula, pesticides, chemical contaminants |
| what is the usda responsible for? | regulating pasturized eggs, meat, poultry |
| describe foodborne illness? | illness brought on by food contaminated by microbes |
| what is the primary symptons of foodborne illness? | vomiting/diarrhea |
| what are secondary symptoms of foodborne illness? | fever, abdominal cramps,nausea,gas |
| what is foodborne ilness often mistaken for? | 24hr flu |
| how many people are affected by foodborne illnesses? | 76million affected yearly |
| how many people are hospitalized from foodorne illness? | 300,000 yearly |
| how many people are killed from foodborne illnesses? | 5000 yearly |
| most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in us | campylobacter jejuni |
| may lead to guillian-barre which causes paralysis | campylobacter jejuni |
| comes from uncooked meats, raw milk, untreated water | campylobacter jejuni |
| rarest type of foodborne illness;most fatal | clostridium botulinum |
| infection caused by toxins | clostridium botulinum |
| anaerobic | clostridium botulinum |
| sensitive to cold and acid | clostridium botulinum |
| comes from canned foods, flavored oils containing herbs and garlic, smoked fish, and foil wrapped baked potaotes | clostridium botulinum |
| transmitted in foods contaminated with animal feces | e.coli 157:h7 |
| can be caused from improperly handled foods | e.coli157:h7 |
| doubles every 20 minutes | e.coli157:h7 |
| found in undercooked or raw ground beef; unpasturized milk, juice, water, and produce | e.coli157:h7 |
| primarily affects pregnant womn, newborns, and people with weak immune systems | listeria monocytogenes |
| found in unpasturized milk and dairy products(esp soft cheeses) | listeria monocytogenes |
| found in meat pates and deli processed meats | listeria monocytogenes |
| most commonly reported cause of foodborne illness | salmonella |
| found in poultry, eggs, unpasturized milk or dairy, and meats | salmonella |
| found in reptiles | salmonella |
| fojnd in processed meats, eggs, poultry, milk/dairy | staphylococcus aureus |
| foundin foods that require a lot of handling(ex. salads) | staphylococcus aureus |
| toxins cause illness--must boil 30 min to kill | staphylococcus aureus |
| define HACCP | hazard analysis critical control points |
| what does haccp do? | identifies and controls critical points in the food production chain that could become hazzardous |
| where does haccp begin and end? | begins in the field/slaughterhouse and ends with service of food |
| what does ABCD stand for? | anthropometric, biochemical, clinical observation, diet |
| what does the "anthropometric" part of abcd include? | any physical measurments taken |
| what do physical measurments include? | height, weight, bmi, tsf |
| what does the "biochemical" part of abcd include? | any blood work done on a patient |
| what does hemoglobin A1C test for? | diabetes |
| what does a bnp test for? | conjestive heart failure |
| what does a troponin test for? | heart attack |
| what doe the schilling test test for? | pernicious anemia |
| what does the "clinical observation" part of abcd include? | medical history, drug history/usage, social history, and eyeball test |
| what does the "diet" part of abcd include? | food record, diet history, food frequency questionaire, nutrient intake analysis, nutrient requirements and special diets |
| what is the correct way to measure a persons height? | without shoes, feet together, up against the wall, looking straight ahead, standing as tall they can, and rest measuring stick flat on top of the head |
| what is the correct way to measure a persons weight? | use a beam balance for best accuracy, weigh in lightest clothing possible without shoes, |
| what is the rule when weighing an infant? | weigh to nearest 1/4 pound |
| what is the rule when weighing an adult? | weigh to nearest 1/2 pound |
| what are food records, food frequency questionnaires, nutrient intake analysis, and diet history used for? | obtaining a patients diet history |
| define food record | patient writes down everything they eat for a set time including portion sizes; usually last 24hrs -3days, but any length of time can be specified |
| define food frequency questionnaire | gives a general idea of how often certain foods are eaten;gives general idea of nutritional intake |
| define nutrient intake analysis | calorie count |
| define diet history | general;provides an idea of how often a person eats |
| what medication interacts with tube feeding? | phenytoin(dilantin) |
| what medication interacts with dairy products? | cipro, tetracycline |
| what groupof medications require a patient be on a low tyramine diet? | MAOI, zyvox |
| what group of antihypersensivives should not be taken with grapefruit juice? | calcium channel blockers |
| define pharmaceutical | dissolution or disentegration of a drug |
| define pharmacokinetic | absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug |
| define pharmacodynamic | the body's physiologic or psychologic reaction to a drugt or combination of drugs |
| in which stage do most drug interactions occur? | pharmacokinetic |
| what is the kcal content of dextrose? | 3.4 kcal/g |
| what is the kcal content of liposyn 10%? | 1.1 kcal/ml |
| what is the kcal content of liposyn 20%? | 2 kcal/ml |
| for what diagnosis is tpn appropriate? | when the gut is nonfunctioning |
| what are the 4 classes of tube feeding formulas? | polymeric, partially hydrolyzed, disease specific, and modular formulas |
| define ploymeric formulas | enteral formula that closely resembles food |
| define patially hydrolyzed formulas | also called elemental formulas; require very little if any digestion |
| which enteral formula works well when feeding into the jejunum? | partially hydrolyzed formula |
| define disease specific formula | formulas that are disease specific |
| define modular formula | "build your own"--formula specifically put together for whatever reason |
| what are the 3 methods of enteral feeding? | continous, intermittent, and bolus |
| define bolus feeding | quick infusion of formula via syringe |
| when does bolus feeding work best? | nursing home or home setting |
| define intermittent feeding | runs over a short period of time, usually 12-14hrs |
| when do intermittent feeding usually take place? | nighttime |
| what is ideal setting for intermttent feedings? | rehabs or snf settings |
| define continuous feedings | runs continuously over 24hr period |
| what is ideal setting for continuous feeding | acute care or critical care facilities |
| what are the 2 routes used during enteral feeding? | nasoenteric tubes and enterostomies |
| define nasoenteric tubes | through nose |
| name 3 types of nasoenteric tubes | ng, nd, nj |
| describe ng tube | "nasogastric" goes through nose to stomach; usually placed in by nurse; |
| what is a dubbhoff tube? | nasogastric tube; |
| why do nurses like ng tubes? | they dont clot easily |
| why do patients dislike ng tubes? | they rub back of throat |
| what was the original intent for ng tubes? | suctioning |
| why do nurses dislike the dubbhoff tube? | thin; clots easily |
| why do patients prefer dubbhoff tube? | thin; not as bulky as "gardenhose" type |
| define nd tube | nasoduodenal; goes through nose to duodenum |
| define nj tube | nasojejunum; through nose to jejunum |
| what tubes are usually placed in by radiology or gi lab? | nd and nj tubes |
| define enterostomies | tubes surgically placed into the abdominal wall for long term feeding |
| name 4 types of enterostomies | g-tube, peg tube, j-tube, peg-j tube |
| define g-tube | usually placed into stomach in or |
| define peg tube | placed into stomach in gi lab |
| define j-tube | surgically placed into jejunum in OR; have thin needle at end |
| define peg-j tube | combination of peg and j tube |
| what herb is used to treat colds or flu? | echinacea |
| what herbs should not be used by people with illnesses that affect immune system or have allergies to plants in the sunflower family | echinacea |
| what herb is used for migraine headaches and imflammatory conditions like arthritis? | feverfew |
| what herb should not be used by peole with ragweed allergy or anitcoagulant therapy? | feverfew |
| what herb is used to lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides;sometimes used as an antibiotic? | garlic |
| which herb sometimes causes allergic reactions, dermatitis, and gi syptoms? | garlic |
| why is the use of garlic with ASA or anticoagulant therapy prohibited? | garlic has anticoagulant properties |
| which herb is used for nausea/vomiting of pregnancy and motion sickness? | ginger |
| when should ginger not be used? | when gallstones are present |
| what is the affect of high doses of ginger? | damage to lining of the intestine |
| how much ginger should be taken when pregnant? | 1g of powder perday |
| which herb is used for vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, increased oxygen glucose utilization, and peripheral circulation? | gingko |
| does gingko act as a blood thinner? | yes |
| what herb is used for fatigue, stress, mental performance, immune system, cardiovascular conditions, and diabetes? | ginseng |
| what is the recommended usage for ginseng? | use 2-3wks then rest for 1-2wks |
| prolonged use or more than 200mg/day causes insomnia, overstimulation, and gi distress for which herb? | ginseng |
| what herb is contraindicated in peopoe with steroid therapy, maoi's, cardiac conditions, and diabetes? | ginseng |
| what herb is used for heart conditions? | hawthorn |
| what herb is used to treat liver disease? | milk thistle |
| when milk thistle be avoided? | gallstones are present |
| what affect does hawthorn have on body? | lowers blood pressure |
| when is saw palmetto used? | enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) |
| when is the herb st johns wort used? | depression |
| what are side effects of st johns wort? | emotional vulnerability, fatigue, photosensitivity, weight gain |
| what is the main problem with st johns wort? | interacts with multiple meds |
| which herb is used as a tranquilizer and sleep aid? | valerian |
| what does valerian interact with? | sedatives;antidepressants;anxiety meds |
| which herb is used to treat varicose veins, cirrosis, ischemia, retinopathy? | grapeseed oil |
| what is the benefit of grapeseed oil? | no side effects, works better than red wine |
| which herb treats high cholesterol and triglycerides? | flax seed oil |
| how should flax seed oil be stored? | in fridge |
| what is the key nutrient in flax seed oil? | omega3 fatty |
| what is the role of the national nutrient data bank? | primary source of info on the nutrient content of foods in us |
| where does the natonal nutrient data bank information come from? | private industry;gov labs |
| what are the different publications for nutrition guidelines and goals? | healthy people-updated every 10yrs; dietary guidelines for americans-updated every 5yrs; rda/rdi-revised every 10yrs; food guides-last updated in 2005 |
| what is function of healthy people? | provide goals to meet by a certain year |
| what is the function of dietary guidelines for americans? | address concerns about overweight, obesity, and chronic diseased with a nutrition cause |
| what is the role of rda/rdi | at first introduced to prevent illness, now primarly used to promote good health |
| what does rda stand for? | recommended daily allowance |
| what does dri stand for? | dietary reference intake |
| what does dri tell you? | the maximum amount of intake that is safe |
| what does rda tell you? | what amount of intake is recommended |
| what is the role of the food guides? | tell how much of each food group should be consumed daily |
| how were food guides first introduced? | 1917 five food groups were introduced; sweets and fats were considered a food group and dairy was not |
| what happened to food guides in 1958? | basic 4 was introduced; sweets were removed, dairy was added, fats were removed; bread/cereal group added |
| what happened to the food guides in 1992? | the pyramid was introduced |
| what happened to the food pyramid in 2005? | it was reintroduced vertically instead of horizontally |
| what is the role of fight bac? | partnership between gov and food industry to provide food safety education |
| what is the role of additives in food? | maintain or improve quality and taste of food |
| define GRAS? | generally regarded as safe--list commonly used ingredients that do not have to be tested by same procedures as new foods; also regulates what percentage of food can be "nonfood" ie bugs and bug feces |
| what is the role of the delaney clause of the food additives ammendment? | prevents the use of any amount of any substane shown to cause cancer in animals or humans |
| define enrichment | addition of nutrients to replace those lost in processing |
| define fortification | addition of nutrients that were never there to enhance a foods nutritional value |
| define functional foods | substances that may be considered a food or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits--ie omega3 fatty acids |
| define irradiation | low-level radiant energy used to kill pathogens off tops of foods |
| define gmo's | genetically modified organisms--used to promote disease resistance, higher yeild, better storage qualities |
| what two antibiotics are given to both humans and animals? | penicillin; tetracycline |
| what homrone is no longer used in animals? | diethylstilbesterol (estrogen) |
| what hormone used in animals is considered to be inactive in humans? | bovine growth hormone |
| what has life of 20 days, and maintains osmotic pressure? | albumin |
| what is nornal range for albumin? | 3.5-5mg/dl |
| what blood protein has half life of 2 days and can be affected by inflammatory response? | prealbumin |
| what is normal range for prealbumin? | 18-30mg/dl |
| what blood protein is a good indicator of inflammatory response, rises in osteomyelitis, and use to be associated with heart disease? | c-reactive protein |
| if c-reactive protein is high what will be low? | prealbumin |
| what does sodium/potassium/chloride levels tell about a patient? | hydration status |
| when sodium/potassium/chloride are all low at the same time what is likely wrong with the patient? | over hydrated |
| define energy | the capacity to do work |
| what are the nutrients that supply energy? | carbohydrates, protein, lipids, sometimes alcohol |
| what is the standard measure for energy? | calorie |
| define calorie | amount of energy needed to raise 1ml water 1 degree celcius |
| 1kcal= ? calories | 1000 |
| how is energy expended through the body? | through ree, tef, and voluntary movement; all of these make of tee (total energy expenditure) |
| how is ree(resting energy expenditure measured? | as rmr(resting metebolic rate) anytime of the day |
| how is bee measured? | as bmr (basil metabolic rate) as soon as patient wakes up and 10 to 12 hrs after last meal |
| under what conditions should metabolic rate be measured? | when body is at complete rest physically and mentally, relaxed but not asleep, in a comfortable environment, several hours after strenuous activity |
| define direct calorimetry | person put in large chamber and body heat is measured; very expensive; usually done in research study |
| define indirect calorimetry | a metabolic cart is used to measure co2 to o2 ratio; benefitial in hospital settings |
| name six things that affect metabolism | environmental temp; lean body mass; mentsral cycle; rapid growth; rise in body temp;cancer,copd,aids |
| when can drug-nutrient interations occur? | when taken with food; when taken with alcohol; when taken for long periods of time; when taking too many at one time; when taken to achieve a specific drug nutrient interaction |
| what does flagyl interact with causing vomiting? | etoh |
| what should vitamin k not be taken with? | coumadin--vit-k clots blood, coumadin thins blood |
| what happens when salt substibutes containing potassium are mixed with ace inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers? | potassium level increases which could cause heart prolems |
| how much do americans spend on supplements yearly? | 18 billion dollars |
| define dietary supplement | a product taken by mouth that contains a dietary ingedient intended to supplement the diet |
| sum up the dshea act of 1994 | basically states that there are no regulations on dietary supplements at all. once on the market it must be proven unsafe before it can be removed, however it doesnt have to be proven safe to be placed on the market |
| what does a usp logo on a dietary supplement mean? | meets pharmcy standards |
| what is the percent of free water in fluid portion of enteral formulas? | 60-90% |
| when can enteral feeding become a problem? (contraindicators) | anytime gut is not working; ileus has stoped working; sever gi hemmorage; intractible vomiting or diarreah; gi tract fistula |
| what conditions may require tube feeding? | hypermetabolism such as sepsis or trauma; neurologic disease such as stroke or dysphaga; gi disease; cancer; organ system failure; psychiatric disease |
| when giving carbohydrates tpn, how is it supplied? | in the form of dextrose; usually comes in concentration of 5-70%; 50-70% concentration is what is usually used |
| how are tpn proteins supplied? | "aminocin" comes in concentrations of 3-15%; 8.5-10% is what is usually used |
| how are tpn lipids supplied? | comes in 10% and 20% |
| what are the restrictions when giving tpn lipids? | cannot give to anyone with egg alergy or pancreatitis; must be monitored on weekly basis |
| define ppn | short term form of feeding through peripherial veins |
| what are the drawback to ppn? | cant infuse as fast because it burns the veins, site must be changed every 72 hours |
Created by:
Shevina
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