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Embryology
Urogenital System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q What germ layer is the Urogenital system dervived from? | A Intermediate Mesoderm |
| Q What are the names of the three sets of Kidneys tht form in developement of the uro-gen sys. | A Pronephros, Mesonephros, and Metanephric |
| Q This set of kidneys forms first and is essentially nonfunctional | A Pronephros, in the cervical region |
| Q This set of kidneys will filter blood, but does not persist | A Mesonphros, in the thoracic, lumbar, saral regions |
| Q Part of the mesonephros persists. What is it, and what does it become? | A The mesonephric duct, which becomes part of the male genitalia |
| Q These are the definitive kidneys. | A Metanephric, which are initially in sacral region, but more cranially with growth |
| Q The ureteric bud, or metanephric diverticulum grows out from the mesonephric duct. What does this branch into? | A It forms the entire collecting system, namely; ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting tubules |
| Q The presence of colelcting tubules causes these to form renal vesicles/metanephric vesicles? | A The metanephric tissue caps. |
| Q Renal vesicles encounter capillaries as they extend, then surround them and form what? | A A nephron, including the bowmans capsule, glomerulus, prox/dist convoluted tubule, and loop on Henle. |
| Q Division of the cloaca by the urorectal septum forms the urogenital sinus. What does the urogenital sinus form? | A the bladder and urethra |
| Q Which region of the urogenital sinus becomes the penile urethra in males and the lower vagina in females? | A the lower, or phallic region |
| Q What does the middle/pelvic region of the urogenital sinus form? | A This region becomes essentially a narrow connecting canal. It is called the prostatic/membranous urethra in males, and the urethra in females. |
| Q Which region of the urogenital sinus is continuos with the allantois? | A the upper/vesicle region. A remnant of the allantois forms the "urachus" (aka mediaN umbilical ligament), and connects the apex of the bladder with the umbilius. |
| Q These must be present for the gonads to develope | A germ cells |
| Q gonads appear initially as a pair of _____ | A gonadal/genital ridges |
| Q do primordial germ cells originate in the genital ridge? | A no, the are migratory from the endoderm fo the yolk sac |
| Q These are an invagination of cortical epithelium into the medulla | A primitive sex cords |
| Q Can male/female be distinguished by the indifferent gonads? | A nope. |
| Q What do canalized medullary cords become in males? | A seminiferous tubules |
| Q what happens to medullary cords in females? | A they degenerate, and CORTICAL CORDS replace them. these form follicular cells |
| Q The gene for TDF (testis determining factor) is what chromosome? | A the Y |
| Q absence of TDF causes what to develope? | A the ovary. presence causes developement of testis. |
| Q What are the two indifferent ducts in the primitive genitalia? | A mesonephric/wolfian ducts, and the paramesonephric/mullerian ducts. |
| Q This developes into the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct in males | A mesonephric duct |
| Q what causes the regression of the paramesonephric ducts? | A MIS (mullerian inhibiting substance). the remnant forms the appendix testes |
| Q Which duct regresses in the female? | A mesonephric duct. the paramesonephric duct forms all the other stuff. |
| Q Before the external genitalia can be differentiated, what structures are found? | A cloacal folds (divides into urethral/anal folds), genital tubercle, and genital/labioscrotal swellings |
| Q Which of the following does not have a tubercle; humerous, ribs, genitalia | A all of these have tubercles |
| Q What induces male differentiation in the ext. genitalia? | A androgens |
| Q In males, the genital tubercle becomes the penis, the swelling becomes the scotum, and what does the urethral folds become? | A penile urethra |
| Q The urethral folds in females becomes the labia minora. What becomes the labia majora? | A genital swellings |
| Q This is a ligament between the scrotal swellings and testis. | A Gubernaculum. It is the pathway of descent for the testis. |
| Q Multicystic dysplastic kidney/polycystic disease is a malformation of what? | A nephrons |
| Q this is a degeneration of ureteric bud: | A renal agenesis. bilateral results in oligohydramnios |
| Q Describe a urachal fistula, and a urachal cyst/sinus | A just like with the nasty leaky belly button: in a fistula the allantois persists and leaks, and in a cyst part of it persists but does not leak. |
| Q hypospadias is a urethral opening on inf. aspect of penis. what is epispadias? | A urethral opening on dorsum of penis, b/c the genital tubercle has developed inf. to urethral folds |
| Q This is when intestinal loops pass into the scrotum: | A congenital inguinal hernia-SICK! |
| Q this is when the testes do not descend: | A cryptorchism |
| Q pseudohermaphroditism is a long word, but it's fairly self-explanatory. What does it mean? | A your gene controlled sex is masked by mutant testosterone in males, and overdeveloped adrenal glands in females. |
| Q lack of/faulty androgen receptors cause AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome) which females appear normal, but have no menstruation | A True. Yes. Sounds good. I hate anomalies. |
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DumpTruck
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