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Genetics Unit 1
Chapters 1-3 in genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ovum | oocyte |
| Gametes | sex cells |
| Gonads | where sperm and oocytes are manufactured |
| Seminiferous tubules | where sperm developed, packed into testes, exposes sperm to lower temperature in order to develop |
| Epididymis | where sperm is stored and mature |
| Vas deferens | joins urethra that carries sperm and urine out |
| Prostate gland | produces fluid that activate sperm to swim |
| Seminal vesicle | secrete fructose to help sperm have energy |
| Bulbourethral gland | coats urethra before sperm is released |
| Follicle cells | nourish the oocyte |
| Fertilized ovum | when oocyte combines with sperm |
| Meiosis | halves the chromosome number, mixes up the traits when crossovers |
| Meiosis I | reduction division, reduces amount of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23 |
| Meiosis 2 | equational division, produces 4 cells from the two cells formed from the first division |
| Synapsis | the chromosomes line up one by one and exchange genes |
| Write out the story of meiosis | |
| Somatic cells | nonsex cells, have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs |
| Homologous pairs | chromosome pairs have same genes in same order but may carry different alleles |
| Haploid | one of each type of chromosome, gamete, one copy of human genome |
| Diploid | two copies of genome, somatic cells |
| Spermatogenesis | formation of sperm cells, begins in diploid spermatogonium which divides mitotically making two daughter cells |
| Primary spermatocyte | spermatogonia that have cytoplasm and replicate DNA |
| Secondary spermatocytes | in meiosis 1, 2 haploid cells which divide into spermatids |
| Spermatozoa | mature sperm |
| Acrosome | membrane-covered area on front of sperm that has enzymes which allow it to penetrate egg |
| Oogenesis | meiosis which creates eggs |
| Oogonium | diploid cell before meiosis begins |
| Primary oocyte | accumulates cytoplasm and DNA |
| Secondary oocyte | in meiosis 1 the primary oocyte divides into two cells called the polar body, little cytoplasm, and the secondary oocyte, divides unequally in meiosis 2 to produce a small polar body and the mature egg |
| Embryo | prenatal human, first 8 weeks, preimplantation |
| Fetus | human organism between start of ninth week and birth |
| Capacitation | chemically activates sperm, and the oocyte secretes a chemical that attracts sperm, helps sperm reach oocyte |
| Pronuclei | two sets of chromosomes in a fertilized cell |
| Cleavage | frequent cell division after beginning mitosis |
| Blastomeres | early cells, 16 or more =morula |
| Inner cell mass | in blastocyte, source of stem cells |
| Trophoblast | outermost cell of embryo, secrete pregnancy hormone which prevents menstruation |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | secreted by trophoblast, prevents menstruation |
| Amniotic cavity | space between inner cell mass and the outer cell, forms ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm |
| Gastrula | embryo that has three distinct layers |
| Primary germ layers | the meso, ecto, and endoderm |
| Transidifferentiate | divide to yield cells specialized in a different way ex |
| Chorionic villi | project into woman’s blood where nutrients and oxygen diffuse across |
| Yolk sac | manufactures blood cells |
| Allantois | manufactures blood cells, around embryo and gives rise to umbilical blood vessels |
| Dizygotic twins | fraternal twins |
| Monozygotic twins | identical twins |
| Organogenesis | transformation of the simple three layers of the embryo into distinct organs |
| Primitive streak | develops in 3rd week of development, the axis in which it develops around, gives rise to notochord |
| IUGR | intrauterine growth retardation, doesn’t receive enough nutrients |
| Progeroid syndromes | progerias, DNA mutations persist which destabilizes the entire genome and causes the changes we see as aging |
| Notochord | structure that forms basic framework of skeleton turns ectoderm into neural tube |
| Neural tube | develops into central nervous system, if does not close correctly alpha fetoprotein (AFP) leaks into mother’s bloodstream |
| SRY gene | on male Y chromosome, stands for sex determining region of the Y, causes maleness |
| Maturation in fetuses | the digestive system and respiratory system develop last |
| Critical period | the time when genetic abnormalities, toxic substances, or virus can alter a structure in the fetus |
| Teratogens | chemicals or other agents that cause birth defects |
| Explain Meiosis | |
| explain mitosis | |
| Genes | units of heredity, tells cells how to manufacture proteins, which express traits |
| Genome | complete set of genetic info |
| Genomics; considers many genes at one time | |
| Traits | produced by an interaction between genes and environment |
| Gene expression | cells use of DNA to synthesize proteins |
| Mendelian traits | determined by 1 gene |
| Multifactorial traits | also called complex, need multiple genes to be expressed |
| Genetic determination | inherited traits are unchangeable and appearance is inevitable, contradicts nurture part of nature vs. nurture |
| Allele | variants in sequence of DNA, a trait, formed by mutation and potentially passable if mutated in sperm or egg |
| Absolute risk | probability an individual will develop a particular condition |
| Relative risk | change in a population a person will develop the condition |
| Polymorphism | random sequence variation |
| Risk factor | the factor that causes the risk ex |
| Empiric risk | population observation |
| DNA profiling | comparing DNA sequences to establish or rule out relationships |
| Microarray | used in genetic testing |
| BRCA-1 | breast cancer gene |
| Protein coding | only 1.5% of genome codes for protein, the rest is regulatory or remnant viral |
| SNP | single nucleotide polymorphisms, unique o every individual, used in DNA fingerprinting |
| Stem cells | able to specialize |
| Prokaryotes | archaea and bacteria, no nucleus or organelles |
| Eukaryotes | eukarya, have nucleus, us, can be single or multi cell, |
| Describe secretion | |
| Peroxisomes | like lysosomes, detox |
| Mitochondria | powerhouses, have own DNA, inherited from mother |
| Ligand; molecule that bind to receptors on membrane | |
| Signal transduction | passing a message from the outside to the inside of the cell |
| Cellular adhesion | membrane proteins that tallow it to stick to other cells |
| Cytoskeleton | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Cilia is made of | microtubules |
| Somatic cells | everything but sex cells |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Telomeres | at tip of chromosomes, with it divides enough time it shortens and tells mitosis to stop |
| Function of apoptosis | destroys cytoskeleton and collapses nucleus, activates enzymes to destroy DNA, tears apart cyto skeleton |
| Cellular adhesion molecules | guide white blood cells |
| Progenitor cells | renew tissue |
| Totipotent | when embryo is ball of stem cells |
| Plunpotent | stem cells with only a few options |
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer | cloning genetically identical cells |
| Chromatids are made of | a chromosome pair |
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reidabook
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