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Biol 335: History
History of Systematics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aristotle is associated with what two ancient ideas? | scala naturae and vis plastica |
| Define vis plastica | spontaneous generation of living things by a 'formative power' |
| Define scala naturae | the ladder of life or Great Chain of being with a series of increasing perfection |
| Glossopetrae (tongue stones) was a name given to what? Who named it? | Pliny the Elder, sharks teeth which he thought fell to earth during a lunar eclipse |
| St. Paul thought glossopetrae were what? | tongues of serpents in Middle Ages |
| What happened to Pliny the Elder? | reassured residents that no danger after Mt. Vesuvius erupted, but died as eruption worsened |
| What is Diluvialism? | fossils thought to be remains of organisms that drowned and then buried during Great Flood |
| What were the contributions of Neils Stenson (Steno) of Denmark? | glossopetrae were shark teeth (i.e. fossils) and idea of superposition (oldest sedimentary rock at bottom) |
| France regards who as the 'father of evolution'? | Jean Lamarck |
| What was Lamarcks theory of evolution? | evolution by means of acquired characteristics, where individual features could be passed to offspring |
| Who is the 'father of comparative anatomy"? | Georges Cuvier (also a catastrophist) |
| What is catastrophism? | idea that Earth is affected by sudden, quick and frequent events |
| Who is the 'father of comparative embryology'? | Karl Ernst von Baer |
| What did von Baer show about embryo development? | do not climb scala naturae, but become less similar to each other as they develop (used as arguement against Lamarckian evolution and scala naturae) |
| von Baer's embryological development idea | diverging developmental pathways |
| The 'founder of systematics' | Carolus Linnaeus from Sweden (Uppsala University) |
| Peter Artedi | student of Linnaeus specializing in ichthyology and herpetology. Helped develop bionomial naming system |
| Linnaeus' achievments | binomial naming system (Artedi might be true founder), Species plantarum 1753 1st ed (plants), Systema naturae 1758 10th ed (animals) |
| Group of volcanic islands ranging from 1 million to 6 million years old | Galapagos islands |
| The 'father of animal biogeography' | Alfred Russel Wallace |
| Wallace's 2 famous essays | "on the law" (species come into existence with a preexisting, closely allied species) "on the origin" and "on the tendency" |
| Sarawak Law | Wallace's term for Earth and life evolving together |
| Darwin's tree of life was compatible with what? | comparative embryology (von Baer, Haeckel) and Linnaean taxonomy, genetics |
| Darwin's contribution | reframe systematics in terms of shared ancestry and the tree of life |
| what important discovery of hominid evolution occurred in 1857? | partial skeleton of Homo neanderthalensis from Neander Valley in Germany |
| Intermediate between birds and reptiles | Archaeopteryx lithographica from Jurassic period of Germany |
| When was the platypus discovered? | 1799 in Australia |
| Playtypus eggs | monotremes, oviparous, ovum meroblastic |
| Opponents of evolution | Richard Owen (British comparative anatomist) and Louis Agassiz (Swiss, founded Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard) |
| Coined the term 'homology' | Richard Owen |
| Defenders of evolution | Joseph Hooker (British botanist), Asa Gray (American botanist), Thomas Huxley (marine biologist and anatomist, Darwin's bulldog) and Alfred Russel Wallace (biogeographer) |
| The 'father of plant biogeography' | Joseph Hooker |
| Humans related to apes, birds descendants of dinosaurs | Thomas Huxley |
| 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny' and biogenetic law | Ernst Haeckel |
| Ersnt Haeckel created first of what? | first family trees of actual organisms |
| Double-helix structure of DNA | Watson and Crick in 1953 |
| Neutral theory of molecular evolution (drift rather than natural selection) | Motoo Kimura in 1968 |
| Development of PCR | Kary Mullis in 1983 |
| Phenetics | 'numerical taxonomy' which classifies based on overall similarity and not evolutionary relationships |
| Problems with phenetics | different answers obtained when using different algorithms, judged 'not natural' |
| Evolutionary or synthetic classification | based on phylogenetic relationships |
| Problems with evolutionary or synthetic classification | paraphyletic groups allowed (e.g. Reptilia vs. Aves) |
| Founder of cladistics | Willi Hennig (German Entomologist) |
| Cladistics | phylogenetic or cladistic classification, groups defined by synapomorphies (shared derived) |
| 'Bible of Cladistics' | Phylogenetic Systematics (1966) |
| Molecular systematics | using molecular sequence data to reconstruct phylogenies |
| Early molecular systematic techniques | DNA-DNA hybridization and immunological distance (deemed phenetic) looked at overall genetic similarity |
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