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Chapter 13
The Vascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The layer of the wall of an artery that is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting is the _______________. | lining; inner layer; endothelium |
| The layer of the wall of an artery that helps maintain blood pressure is the ____________. | middle layer |
| The layer of the wall of an artery that helps prevent rupture is the ___________. | outter layer |
| Simple squamous epithelium forms the ________ of an artery, and its function is to _____________. | lining, prevent abnormal clotting |
| Smoothh muscle tissue forms the _________ layer of an artery, and its function is to ____________________. | midline, maintain blood pressure |
| Fibrous connective forms the _______ layer of an artery, and its function is to _____________. | outer, prevent rupture. |
| In the wall of a vein, the layer that is folded into valves is the ________________. | lining; inner layer |
| The outer layer of the wall of a vein is thin because ______________ in veins is low. | blood pressure |
| The function of valves in veins is to ______________________. | prevent backflow of blood |
| In veins, backflow of blood is prevented by what? | valves |
| In the vascular system, an alternate pathway for blood flow is provided by vessels called what? | anastomosis |
| An arterial anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow to a(n) __________. | organ |
| A venous anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow back to the _______. | heart |
| Capillaries are made of ______________ tissue, and its important charcteristic is its ___________. | simple squamous epithelial, thinness |
| Capillaries are the site of ____________ between the blood and tissues. | exchanges |
| The flow of blood into a capillary network is regulated by a ____________, which is made of _________________ tissue. | precapillary sphincter, smooth muscle |
| In capillaries, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between blood and tissues by the process of __________. | diffusion |
| In capillaries, diffusion is the process by which ________ and _____________ are exchanged. | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| In capillaries, nutrients are brought out into tissues by the process of __________. | filtration |
| In capillaries, the process of filtration depends on _____________. | blood pressure |
| In capillaries, tissue fluid is brought back into the blood by the process of __________. | osmosis |
| In capillaries, colloid osmotic pressure is created by the presence of _____________ in the blood. | albumin; plasma proteins |
| In capillaries, blood pressure provides the energy for the process of _____________. | filtration |
| In capillaries, albumin creates ____________ pressure, a pulling pressure. | colloid osmotic |
| Capillaries carry blood from the _________ to ___________. | arterioles, venules |
| Arteries carry blood from the ________ to ______________. | heart, capillaries |
| Veins carry blood from ____________ to the ________. | capillaries, heart |
| The circle of Willis is formed by the two _______________ arteries and the _____________ artery. | internal carotid, basilar |
| The circle of Willis supplies the ________, and is an example of an arterial _____________. | brain, anastomosis |
| In hepatic portal circulation, blood from the _____________ and the ___________ flows through the _________ before returning to the heart. | digestive organs, spleen, liver |
| In hepatic portal circulation, veins from abdominal organs unite to form the portal vein that empties blood into the _________ of the liver. | portal, sinusoids |
| One purpose of portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive glucose absorbed by the ____________ and store the excess as ____________. | small intestine, glycogen |
| One purpose of portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive the iron of ______________ destroyed in the spleen and ________ any excess. | old red blood cells, store |
| One purpose of hepatic portal ciculation is to enable the liver to receive alcohol absorbed by the stomach and ___________ it before blood reaches the _______. | detoxify, brain |
| In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped to the lungs by the ___________. | right ventricle |
| In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped to the lungs by the ___________, and returns to the ______________ of the heart. | right ventricle, left atrium |
| In pulmonary capillaries, __________ diffuses from the blood to air, and __________ diffuses from air to blood. | carbon dioxide, oxygen |
| The blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is always _____, to prevent filtration and accumulation of fluid in the __________. | low, alveoli |
| In fetal circulation, exchanges between fetal blood and maternal blood take place in the ________. | placenta |
| In fetal circulation, blood flows from the placenta to the fetus through the ___________. | umbilical arteries |
| In fetal circulation, the umbilical arteries carry blood from the _______ to the _________. | fetus, placenta |
| In fetal circulation, blood in the umbilical ____ has a high level of oxygen, and blood in the umbilical __________ has a high level of carbon dioxide. | vein, arteries |
| In fetal circulation, the vessel that takes most incoming blood to the inferior vena cava is the ____________. | ductus venosus |
| In fetal circulation, the __________ permits blood to flow from the right to the left atrium. | foramen ovale |
| in fetal circulation, the foramen oval permits blood to flow from the _________ to the _________. | rigth atrium, left atrium |
| In fetal circulation, the __________ permits blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. | ductus arteriosus |
| In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow from the ______________ to the __________. | pulmonary artery, aorta |
| In fetal circulation, the purpose of the foramen ovale and the _____________ is to permit blood to ____________________. | ductus arteriosus, bypass the fetal lungs |
| Venous return is the amount of blood that is returned to the ___________. | heart |
| Veins are able to constrict because of the _____________ tissue in their walls. | smooth muscle |
| The skeletal muscle pump is especially important for the venous return by the veins in the ___________________. | legs; extremities |
| The venous return mechanism that is especially important for veins of the legs is the __________________. | skeletal muscle pump |
| The respiratory pump is especially important for venous return by the veins in the ___________________. | thoracic cavity; chest |
| The venous return mechanism that is especially important for the veins in the thoracic cavity is the _____________________. | respiratory pump |
| The flow of venous return is kept to one direction only by the __________ in the veins. | valves |
| If venous return decreases, cardiac output will ___________. | decrease |
| The elasticity of the large arteries permits them to ________ during left ventricular systole, and thereby to ______ systolic BP. | stretch, lower |
| The elasticity of the large arteries permits them to ____________ during left ventricular diastole, and thereby to ________ diastolic BP. | recoil; snap back, raise |
| The large arteries are elastic, and are stretched by left ventricular _________, therby lowering __________ BP. | systole, systolic |
| The large arteries are elastic, and recoil during left ventricular _________, thereby raising ________ BP. | diastole, diastolic |
| Starling's law of the heart states that when cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, they will ____________________. | contract more frocefully |
| When venous return increases, the heart contracts more forcefully; this is called ____________________. | Starling's law of the heart |
| If venous return decreases, the heart contracts ________ forcefully and cardiac output ___________. | less, decreases |
| The hormone that raises blood pressure by increasing heart rate and force of contracion is ___________. | epinephrine |
| The hormone that raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction throughout the body is __________________. | norepinephrine |
| The hormone that raises blood pressure by increasing sodium and water reabsorpton by the kidney's is ___________. | aldosterone |
| The hormone that raises blood pressure by directly increasing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is ____. | ADH |
| The hormone that lowers blood pressure by increasing the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys is ____. | ANP |
| Two hormones that affect blood pressure because they affect blood volume are __________ and _____________. | aldosterone, ADH; ANP |
| Two hormones that affect blood pressure because they affect the diameter of blood vessels are ___________ and ___________. | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| When blood flow through the kidneys decreases, the process of ___________ decreases, and _________ is conserved to maintain BP. | filtraion, water |
| Renin is secreted by the _________ when blood pressure ___________. | kidneys, decreases |
| When BP decreases, the kidneys secrete _________, which initiates the formation of _______________. | renin, angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II causes _______________ and stimulates the secretion of ___________, both of which will _________ BP. | vasoconstriction, aldosterone, raise |
| To compensate for a small loss of blood, the heart rate will ___________. | increase |
| To conpensate for a small loss of blood, the kidneys will _________________. | decrease urinary output |
| To compe sate for a small loss of blood, the arteries will __________. | constrict |
| A normal blood pressure is considered to be below what? | 120/80 mmHg |
| Hypertension is considered to be a blood pressure that is consistently higher than what? | 140/90 mmHg |
| The ________ of the brain regulates the diameter of arteries and veins. | medulla |
| The ________ of the brain regulates the diameter of arteries and veins, and has a ______________ area and a _____________ area. | medulla, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator |
| The nerves to the smooth muscle of all arteries and veins are ____________ nerves. | sympathetic |
| When vasoconstriction is neeeded to raise BP, the arteries receive more __________ impulses. | sympathetic |
| When vasodialation is needed to lower BP, the arteries receive fewer __________ impulses. | sympathetic |
| Velocity of blood flow is inversely related to the ____________ of the particular part of the vascular system. | cross-sectional area |
| Blood flow is slowest in __________, and this is important to permit _________ for exchanges of materials. | capillaries, time |
| During exercise, blood flow to the heart will ___________, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles will ________. | increase, increase |
| During exercise, blood flow to the digestive tract will ___________, and the flow to the skin will _________. | decrease, increase |
| Anastomosis | A connection or joining, especially of blood vessels. |
| Anaphylactic Shock | A type of circulatory shock that is the result of a massice allergic reaction. |
| Aneurysm | A localized sac or bubble that forms in a weak spot in the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. |
| Arteriole | A small artery. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Deterioration of arteries with loss of elasyicity that is often a consequence of aging or hypertension; a contributing factor to aneurysm or stroke. |
| Circle of Willis | An arterial anastomosis that encirvles the pituitary gland and supplies the brain with blood; formed by the two internal carotid arteries and the basilar (two vertebral) artery. |
| Foramen Ovale | An opening in the interatrial septum of the fetalheart that permits blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal lungs. |
| Hepatic Portal Circulation | The pathway of systemic circulation in which venous blood from the digestive organs and the spleen circulates through the liver before retruning to the heart. |
| Hypertension | An abnormally high blood pressure, consistently above 130/85 mmHg. |
| Hypovolemic Shock | A type of circulatory shock caused by a decrease in blood volume. |
| Peripheral resistance | The resistance of the blood vessels to the flow of blood; changes in the diameter of arteries have effect on blood pressure. |
| Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein. |
| Placenta | The organ formed in the uteurs during pregnancy, made of both fetal and maternal tissue; the site of exchanges of materials between fetal blood and maternal blood. |
| Precapillary Sphincter | A smooth muscle cell at the beginning of a capillary network that regulates the flow of blood through the network. |
| Pulse Deficit | The condition in which the radial pulse count is lower than the rate of the heartbeat heard with a stethoscope; may occur in some types of heart disease in which the heartbeat is weak. |
| Septic Shock | A type of circulatory shock that is a consequence of a bacterial infection. |
| Sinusoid | A large, very permeable capillary; permits proteins or blood cells to enter or leave the blood. |
| Umbilical Arteries | The fetal blood vessels contained in the umbilical cord that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. |
| Umbilical Veins | The fetal blood vessels contained in the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. |
| Varicose Veins | An enlarged, abnormally dilated vein; most often occurs in the legs. |
| Venule | A small vein. |
| The vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules are what? | capillaries |
| The vessels that carry blood from the heart to cappillaries are what? | arteries |
| The vessels that carry blood from capillaries to the heart are what? | veins |
| Direct connections between arteries or between veins are called what? | anastomoses |
| Large, very permeable capillaries are called what? | sinusoids |
| Proteins and blood cells can enter or leave sinusoids, which are found in these organs (tissues): ___________ and ___________. | liver, spleen |
| The purpose of pulmonary circulation pathways is to exchange ___________ and ____________ between the blood in the pulmonary _____________ and the air in the __________ of the lungs. | oxygen, carbon dioxide; capillaries, alveoli |
| The purpose of systemic circulatioin pathways is to exchange materials between the blood in the systemic ______________ and the _______ throughtout the body. | capillaries, cells |
| The fetal blood vessel that carries blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta is the: a. ductus arteriosus b. ductus venosus c. pulmonary duct d. ductus pulmonarus | a. ductus arteriosus |
| The fetal blood vessel that carres blood from the placenta to the fetus is the: a. umilical artery b. ductus venosus c. umbilical vein d. ductus arteriosus | c. umbilical vein |
| The layer of the walls of arteries and veins that is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting is the what? | lining, made of simple squamous epithelium |
| The layer of the walls of arteries that helps maintain diastolic blood pressure is made of what? | smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue |
| Backflow of blood within veins is prevented by: a. smooth muscle b. valves c. precapillary sphincters d. the middle layer | b. valves |
| In capillaries, nutrients are transported from the blood to tissues by the process of: a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport d. filtration | d. filtration |
| In capillaries, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid by the process of: a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport d. filtration | b. diffusion |
| A systemic blood pressure reading always consists of two numbers, which are called: a. systemic/systole b. systolic/diastolic c. diastolic/systolic d. diastolic/systemic | b. systolic/diastolic |
| Pulmonary blood pressure is always low and thereby prevents what? | filtration of tissue fluid into the alveoli |
| Systemic ciruclation begins at the: a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left ventricle d. left foot | c. left ventricle |
| In hepatic portal circulation, blood from the digestive organs and spleen circulates through the _______ before returning to the ________. a. brain/liver b. liver/heart c. liver/brain d. heart/liver | b. liver/heart |
| Venous return in veins that pass through the thoracic cavity is increased by the: a. skeletal muscle pump b. pumping of the right ventricle c. pumpping of the left ventricle d. respiratory pump | d. respiratory pump |
| Venous return in the deep veins in the legs is increased by the: a. low pressure in the right atrium b. repiratory pump c. low pressure in the left atrium d. skeletal muscle pump | d. skeletal muscle pump |
| Following a large loss of blood, as in severe hemorrhage, blood pressure will: a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same d. increas, then decrease | b. decrease |
| Epinephrine increases blood pressure because it: a. causes vasodilation b. decreases heart rate and force c. increases heart rate and force d. increases water reabsorption by the kidneys | c. increases heart rate and force |
| The vasomotor center is located in which part of the brain: a. medulla b. hypothalamus c. frontal lobes d. cerebellum | a. medulla |
| ADH increases blood pressure because it: a. causes vasodilatioin b. increases heart rate and force c. decreases water reabsorption by the kidneys d. increases water reabsorption by the kidneys | d. increases water reabsorption by the kidneys |
| The nerves that carry impulses to regulate the diameter of arteries and veins are: a. sympathetic nerves b. parasympathetic nerves c. somatic motor nerves d. visceral sensory nerves | a. sympathetic nerves |
| Connections between arteries or between veins that provide alternate pathways for blood flow are called: a. capillary networks b. venous sinuses c. sinusoids d. anastomoses | d. anastomoses |
| Large, very permeable capillaries that permit cells or proteins to enter or leave the blood are called: a. sinusoids b. venous sinuses c. anastomoses d. precapillary sphincter | a sinusoids |
| In the fetus, blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium through the: a. foramen magnum b. foramen pulmonis c. foramen atrius d. foramen ovale | d. foramen ovale |
| Norepinephrine increases blood pressure because it: a. increases blood volume b. decreases blood volume c. causes vasoconstriction d. causes vasodilation | c. causes vasoconstriction |
| Precapillary sphincters will dilate if the surrounding tissue is: a. low in oxygen b. high in oxygen c. low in carbon dioxidw d. high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide | a. low in oxygen |
| When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete: a. renin b. more water c. erythropoietin d. all of the above | a. renin |
| Angiotensin II causes: a. vasoconstriction b. increased secretion of aldosterone c. an increase in BP d. all of these | d. all of these |
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