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Chapter 12
The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aorta | The largest artery of the body; emerges from the left ventricle; has four parts: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta |
| Arrhythmia | An abnormal or irregular rhythm of the heart |
| Atrium | One of the two upper chambers of the heart that receive venous blood from the lungs or the body |
| Cardiac Cycle | The sequence of events in one heartbeat, in which simultaneous contraction of the atria if followed by simultaneous contraction of the ventricles |
| Cardiac Output | The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute; the resting average is 5 to 6 liters/min |
| Coronary Vessels | The blood vessels that supply the myocardium with blood; emerge from the ascending aorta and empty into the right atrium |
| Diastole | In the cardiac cycle, the relaxation of the myocardium |
| Ectopic Focus | The initiation of a heartbeat by part of the myocardium other than the sinoatrial node |
| Ejection Fraction | The percent of blood in a ventricle that is pumped during systole; a measure of the strength of the heart |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) | A recording of the electrical changes that accompany the cardiac cycle |
| Endocardium | The simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and cover the valves |
| Epicardium | the serous membrane on the surface of the myocardium |
| Fibrillation | Very rapid and uncoordinated heartbeats; ventricular fibrillation is a life-threating emergency due to ineffective pumping and decreased cardiac output |
| Heart Murmur | An abnormal heart sound heard during the cardiac cycle; often caused by a malfunctioning heart valve |
| Ischemic | Lack of blood to a body part, often due to an obstruction in circulation |
| Mediastinum | The area of space between the lungs; contains the heart and great vessels |
| Mitral Valve | The left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve), which prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the ventricle contracts |
| Myocardium | The cardiac muscle tissue that forms the walls of the chambers of the heart |
| Myocardial Infarction | Death of part of the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen; often the result of an obstruction in a coronary artery |
| Pulse | The force of the heartbeat detected at an arterial site such as the radial artery |
| Sinoatrial Node | The first part of the cardiac conduction pathway, located in the wall of the right atrium; initiates each heartbeat |
| Stenosis | An abnormal constriction or narrowing of an opening or duct |
| Stroke Volume | The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat; the resting average is 60-80 mL/beat |
| Systole | In the cardiac cycle, the contraction of the myocardium; ventricular systole pumps blood into the arteries |
| Tricupsid valve | The rigth AV valve, which prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle of the right atruim when the ventricle contracts |
| Venous Return | The amount of blood returned by the veins to the heart; is directly related to cardiac output, which depends on adequate venous return |
| Ventricle | One of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump bood to the body or to the lungs |
| During one cardiac cycle what takes place? | the atria contract first, followed by contraction of teh ventricles |
| Backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria is prevented by the? | mitral and tricuspid valves |
| The outermost of the pericardial membranes is the? | fibous pericardium |
| Each normal heartbeat is initiated by the? | SA node |
| Backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles is prevented by the? | aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves |
| The vessel into which the left ventricle pumps blood is the? | aorta |
| The veins that return blood to the right atrium are the? | superior and inferior caval veins |
| The heart is located where? | medial to the lungs and superior to the diaphragm |
| The function of the serous fluid of the pericardial membranes is to? | prevent friction as the heart beats |
| The term 'systole' means? | contraction |
| The purpose of the coronary vessels is to? | supply the heart with oxygenated blood |
| A normal range of heart rate for a healthy adult is _________ beats per minute. | 60-80 |
| The chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins are the? | right and left atria |
| The endocardium lines the chambers of the heart and: | is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting within the heart |
| The centers that regulate heart rate are located in the? | medulla |
| The nerves that transmit impulses to decrease the heart rate are? | vagus nerves |
| The electrical activity of the heart may be depicted in an? | ECG |
| The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute is called what? | cardiac output |
| The normal heart sounds are caused by what? | the closure of the valves |
| Changes in blood pressure are detected by what? | pressoreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses |
| The hormone ANH increases the loss of ________ and ________ in urine to decrease blood volume and pressure. | sodium ions, water |
| A heart rate below 60 bpm is called what? | bradycardia |
| The coronary sinus receives blood directly from the? | coronary veins |
| The first part of the cardiac conduction pathway in the ventricles is the? | bundle of His |
| The difference between resting cardiac output and maximum exercise cardiac output is called what? | cardiac reserve |
| The heart is ____________ to the diaphragm and ___________ to the lungs. | superior, medial |
| The diaphragm is ____________ to the heart, and the lungs are _____________ to the heart. | inferior, lateral |
| The area in which the heart is located is called the? | mediastinum |
| The heart is located in the area called _____________, and is protected by the _________. | mediastinum, rib cage |
| The outermost of the pericardial membranes is the _____________ pericardium. | fibrous |
| The middle layer of the pericardial membranes is the ____________ pericardium. | parietal |
| The innermost of the pericardial membranes is the ____________ pericardium. | visceral |
| The visceral pericardium is also called what? | epicardium |
| The function of the serous fluid of the pericardial membranes is to what? | prevent friction |
| The lining of the chambers of the heart is called what? | endocardium |
| The endocardium is the _________ of the heart, and its function is to _______________________. | lining, prevent abnormal clotting |
| The myocardium forms the ______________________ of the heart. | walls of the chamber |
| The walls of the chambers of the heart are formed by the ____________. | myocardium |
| The layer of the heart wall that prevents abnormal clotting in the _____________. | endocardium |
| The layer of the heart wall that pumps blood is the _____________. | myocardium |
| The _______________________ returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium. | superior vena cava |
| The _______________________ returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium. | inferior vena cava |
| The __________________ returns blood from the lungs to the left atrium. | pulmonary veins |
| The superior vena cava retruns blood from the _____________ to the ____________ of the heart. | upper body, right atrium |
| The inferior vena cava returns blood from the _____________ to the ____________ of the heart. | lower body, right atrium |
| The pulmonary veins return blood from the ______ to the ____________ of the heart. | lungs, left atrium |
| The atria of the heart produce the hormone _____ when blood pressure ____________. | ANP, increases |
| The function of ANP is to increase excretion of _____________ and _________ by the ______________. | sodium ions, water, kidney's |
| The ________ emerges from the left ventricle and takes blood to the ________. | aorta, body |
| The _______________ emerges from the right ventricle and take blood to the _______. | pulmonary artery, lungs |
| The aorta takes blood from the _______ ventricle to the ______. | left, body |
| The pulmonary artery takes blood from the _______ ventricle to the ______. | right, lungs |
| The ventricle that has thicker walls is the ______, because it must pump blood to the _______. | left, body |
| The left ventricle pumps blood into the _______ and the right ventricle pumps blood into the _______________. | aorta, pulmonary artery |
| The general function of all the valves of the heart is to _______________________. | prevent backflow of blood |
| Within the heart, backflow of blood is prevented by what? | valves |
| The _____________ valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium. | mitral; left AV; bicuspid |
| The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood from the __________ to the ___________. | left ventricle, left atrium |
| The _____________ valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the rigth atrium. | tricuspid; right AV |
| The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the ____________ to the ___________. | right ventricle, right atrium |
| The right and left AV valves close when the _____________ contract. | ventricles |
| The right and left AV valves prevent backflow of blood from the ____________ to the ________ when the _____________ contracts. | ventricles, atria, ventricles |
| The aortic semilunar valve prevents backflow of blood from the ________________ to the ______________. | aorta, left ventricle |
| The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow of blood from the _________________ to the _____________________. | pulmonary artery, right ventricle |
| The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close when the ___________ relax. | ventricles |
| The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the ____________ to the ____________ when the ____________ relax. | arteries, ventricles, ventricles |
| The coronary arteries are brances of the _________ and supply blood to the ____________________________. | aorta, myocardium (heart muscle) |
| The first branches of the ascending aorta are the ____________ arteries, which take blood to the ___________. | coronary, myocardium |
| For the myocardium, the most important substance in the blood is what? | oxygen |
| The coronary sinus is the union of the _________________ and return blood to the ______________. | coronary veins, right atrium |
| The term for contraction of the chambers of the heart is what? | systole |
| The term relaxation of the chambers of the heart is what? | diastole |
| The term systole means ___________ of the heart chambers. | contraction |
| The term diastole means ___________ of the heart chambers. | relaxation |
| The sequence of events in one heartbeat is called what? | cardiac cycle |
| The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in what? | one heartbeat |
| During the cardiac cycle, when the ventricles are in systole, the atria are in _____________. | diastole |
| During the cardiac cycle, when the atria are in systole, the ventricles are in ____________. | diastole |
| During the cardiac cycle, the ________ contract first, followed by contraction of the ______________. | atria, ventricles |
| In cardiac cycle, some passive blood flow occurs from the __________ to the ____________. | atria, ventricles |
| In the cardiac cycle, all blood from the ventricles to the arteries must be ___________. | pumped |
| In the cardiac cycle, the most important pumping of blood occurs from the ____________ to the ______________. | ventricles, arteries |
| The heart is a double pump: The right side of the heart receives blood from the ______ and pumps in to the ________. | body, lungs |
| The heart is a double pump: the left side of the heart receives blood from the _______ and pumps it to the _______. | lungs, body |
| The part of the heart that initiates each beat is the _______. | SA node |
| The part of the heart that initiates each beat is the _________, which is located in the ____________________. | SA node, wall of the rigth atrium |
| The normal range of resting heart rate for a healthy adule is ____ to ____ bpm. | 60, 80 |
| The electrical impulses for the heartbeat pass from the _______ of the atria to the _____________ in the ventricles. | AV node, AV bundle |
| The part of the cardiac conduction pathway in the ventricles, in order, are the _____________, ____________, and ___________. | AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers |
| The electrical activity of the heart may be seen in a tracing called? | ECG, electrocardiogram |
| The part of the heart muscle that usually depolarizes first in a heartbeat is the _______. | SA node |
| Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in _____ minute. | one |
| The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called _________. | cardiac output |
| Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in ________. | one beat |
| The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat is called what? | stroke volume |
| To calculate cardiac output, multiply _________ times __________. | stroke volume, pulse |
| If cardiac output is 4900 mL and pulse is 70 bpm, then stroke volume is _______. | 70 mL |
| If sroke volume is 80 mL and pulse is 70 bpm, then cardiac output is ________. | 5600 mL |
| If cardiac output is 6000 mL and stroke volume is 75 mL, then is _______. | 80 bpm |
| During exercise, if pulse is 140 and the strke volume is 110 mL, the cardiac output is ________. | 15,400 mL |
| A basketball player has a resting cardiac output of 5400 mL, a stroke volumes of 90 mL, and a resting pulse of ______. | 60 bpm |
| A certain level of cardiac output is needed at all times to maintain a normal __________ and to deliver sufficient _________ to all tissues. | blood pressure, oxygen |
| The difference between the resting cardiac output and the maximum cardiac output is called the _________. | cardiac reserve |
| The percent of the blood in a ventricle that is pumped out during systole is called the _________. | ejection fraction |
| The part of the brain that regulates heart rate is the _________. | medulla |
| The heart rate is increased by impulses carried by ___________ nerves. | sympathetic |
| Impulses carried by sympathetic nerves to the heart will ________ the heart rate. | increase |
| The heart rate is decreased by impulses carried by _______________ nerves. | parasympathetic; vagus |
| Impulses carried by the vagus nerves to the heart will _________ the heart rate. | decrease |
| The carotid and aortic sinuses contain ______________ to detect changes in ______________. | pressoreceptors, blood pressure |
| The carotid and aortic bodies contain ________________ to detect changes in __________________. | chemoreceptors, blood oxygen level |
| The sensory nerves for the carotid sinus and body are the ________________ nerves. | glossopharyngeal |
| The sensory nerves for the aortic sinus and body are the _____ nerves. | vagus |
| The carotid sinus is strategically located to detect changes as the blood is on its way to the __________. | brain |
| The aortic sinus is strategically located to detect changes as soon as the blood leaves the ________. | heart |
| A sudden drop in blood pressure will stimulate the cardiac __________ center in the _________ of the brain. | accelerator, medulla |
| The response to a sudden drop in blood pressure is a rapid ________ in heart rate, brought about by ___________ nerve impulses. | increase, sympathetic |
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