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Biology225 Watson
test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aristotle | first philosopher to write about anatomy and physiology; believed disease had supernatural or physical causes |
| Hippocrates | Greek Physician; “father of medicine”; established Oath of ethics |
| Calaudius Galen | Physician to Roman gladiators; saw science as a method not just a body |
| Robert Hooke | made many improvements to the microscope; published first comprehensive book of micrographia |
| Frances Bacon | the inductive method; making observations until one becomes confident; “in Science all truth is tentative” |
| Theory | An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis |
| Law of Nature | generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave |
| Charles Darwin | wrote books “On the origin of species by means of natural selection” and “the descent of man” |
| Evolution | change in genetic composition in population of organisms |
| Natural selection | some individuals within a species have hereditary advantage over their competitors |
| Selection pressures | natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others |
| Adaptations | features an organism that have evolved in response to selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with changes of the environment |
| Vestigial organs | remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species and no serve no purpose |
| Australoppithecus | oldest bipedal primate |
| Homo genus | taller, larger brain volume probable speech tool making |
| Homo erectus | migrated from Africa to parts of asia |
| Reductionism | theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its similar compounds |
| Holism | there are “ emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts Anatomical Variation |
| Cellular composition | living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells |
| Metabolism | sum of all internal chemical change |
| Responsiveness and movement | sense and react to stimuli |
| Homeostasis | purpose of most normal physiology is maintaining relatively stable internal conditions |
| Development | differentiation and growth |
| Evolutions | change in genetic structure |
| Homeostasis | body’s ability to detect change activated mechanisms that oppose it and there by maintain relatively stable internal conditions |
| Baroreceptors | (sensory nerve endings) in the arteries near the heart alert the cardiac center in the brainstem |
| Cardiac center | sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the blood pressure to normal |
| Receptor | senses a change in the body |
| Integrating center | control center that processes the sensory information and directs a response |
| Effector | carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis |
| Self | amplifying cycle |
| Terminologia Anatomica | was codified in 1998 by professional association of anatomists |
| Nomina Anatomica | rejected all eponyms and each structure was given a unique latin name to be used |
| Radiography(X | Rays) |
| Cell theory | all structure and function result from the activity of cells |
| Hierarchy of structure | human structure can e viewed as a series of levels of complexity |
| Unity of form and function | form and function complement eachother(works the way it works because of structure |
| Position emission tomography scan | accesses metabolic state of tissue and distinguishes tissues most active |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | slice type imagaing; best for soft tissue |
| Sonography | second oldest and second most used; avoids harmful xrays |
| Computed tomography | cat scan; low intensity xrays andcmoputer analysis |
| Tissue | group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural role |
| Four tissues differ by | types, functions, characteristics, amount of space occupied |
| Matrix | composed of fibrous proteins and clear gel |
| Embryonic tissue | human development begins as single cell, the fertilized egg; three primary germ layers |
| Ectoderm | outer;gives rise to epidermis and nervous system |
| Endoderm | inner;gives rise to mucous membrane |
| Mesoderm | middle; becomes gelatinous tissue called MESENCHYME |
| Sectioning | reduces three dimensional structure to two dimensional slice |
| Smear | tissue is rubbed or spread across slide |
| Spread | cobwebby tissue is laid on slide |
| Epithelial tissue | flat sheet of closely adhering cells; one or more cells thick; covers body surface and lines organs |
| Basement membrane | layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue;ex: collagen,laminin,fibronectin |
| Basal surface | surface of epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane |
| Apical surface | surface of an epithelial that faces away from the basement membrane |
| Goblet cells | wineglass shaped mucous secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudo stratified epithelia |
| Connective tissue | type of tissue which cells occupy less space; highly vascular=rich blood supply |
| Elastic fibers | made of proteins called elastin; yellow fibers are fresh |
| Glycosaminoglycans | long polysaccharide composed of amino sugars and uronic acid |
| Hyaluronic acid | slippery substance that forms lubricant and constitutes a lot of the vitreous eyeball |
| Adhesive glycoproteins | binds components of tissues together |
| Adult fat | is called white fat |
| Brown fat | in fetus infants children, a heat generating tissue |
| Cartilage | supportive connective tissue with rubbery matrix; matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers |
| Tight junction | adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of their plasma membranes |
| Desmosomes | patch that holds cells together |
| Hemidesmosomes | anchor the basal cells of epithelium to underlying basement membrane |
| Gap juntions | formed by a ring like connexon |
| Gland | cell or organ that secretes substances for use somewhere else in the body |
| Secretion | product useful to the body |
| Excretion | waste product |
| Exocrine glands | maintain contact with body surface by way of a duct |
| Endocrine glands | lose contact with surface and have no ducts |
| Unicellular glands | found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory |
| Capsule | connective covering most glands |
| Stroma | connective tissue framework of the gland |
| Parenchyma | cells that perform the task of synthesis and secretion |
| Type of secretions | serous, mucous,mixed,cytogenic |
| Merocrine glands | have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis |
| Apocrine glands | primarily merocrine mode of secretion |
| Holocrine glands | cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintergrates |
| Cutaneous membrane | largest membrane in the body |
| Mucous membrane | lines passages that open to external environment |
| Serous membrane | internal membrane |
| Synovial membrane | line joint cavities |
| Differentiation | tissues of embryo become specialized mature types |
| Metaplasia | changing of one type of mature to the other |
| Developmental plasticity | diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise |
| Totipotent | potential to develop into any type of differentiated human cell |
| Pluripotent | can develop into any type of cell in the embryo |
| Regeneration and fibrosis | Damaged tissue can be repaired by these two ways |
| Atrophy | shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number |
| Necrosis | premature and pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins or infections |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Tissue engineering | artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body |
| Stem cell controversy | possible treatment for diseases caused by loss of functional cell types by embryonic stem cells |
| Adult stem cells | have limited development potential |
| Integumentary system | consists of the skin and its accessory organs |
| Hypodermis | another connective tissue layer below the dermis |
| Thick skin | this skin is on palms and soles |
| Thin skin | all other parts of body is covered by this skin Five types of cells of the epidermis |
| Layers of epidermis | stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| Keratinocytes | produced deep in epidermis by stem cells in stratum basal |
| Mitosis | requires an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients |
| 30 to 40 days | it takes this long for a keratinocyte to make its way to the skin surface and flake off |
| In stratum granulosum | in this three important developments occur;cells die, release of filaggrin and becomes waterproof |
| Epidermal water barrier | forms between stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum |
| Dermal papillae | upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis |
| Papillary layer | superficial zone of the dermis |
| Reticular layer | deeper and much thicker layer of dermis |
| Hemoglobin | red pigment of blood cells |
| Carotene | yellow pigment acquired from egg yoke/orange vegetables |
| Cyanosis | blueness of skin from deficiency of oxygen |
| Erythema | abnormal redness of the skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels |
| Pallor | pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of dermal collagen is visible |
| Albinism | genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair pale skin and pink eyes |
| Jaundice | yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood |
| Hematoma | mass of clotted blood showing through skin |
| UVR | causes skin cancer and breaks down folic acids; stimulates synthesis of vitamin D |
| Hemagiomas | birthmarks; patches of skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries |
| Friction ridges | markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch |
| Flexion lines | lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits palms wrists and elbows |
| Hair, Nails, and cutaneous glands | are accessory organs of the skin |
| Hair matrix | hairs growth center |
| Medulla, cortex, cuticle | Three layers of hair from inside to out |
| Follicle | diagonal tube that dips deeply into dermis and may extend into hypodermis |
| Hair cycle consists of three stages | anagen, catagen, and telogen |
| Anagen | growth stage of hair |
| Catagen | degeneratve stage; mitosis in hair matrix ceases and shealth cells below the bulge die |
| Telogen | resting stage for hair |
| Alopecia | thinning or baldness of hair |
| Club hair | may fall out during catagen or telogen |
| Fingernails and toenails | clear hard derivatives of the stratum corneum |
| Nail matrix | growth zone of thickened stratum basale at the end of the nail |
| Lunule | opaque white cresent at proximal end of nail |
| Eponychium | (cuticle) narrow zone of dead skin at end of nail |
| Merocrine sweat glands | most numerous skin glands |
| Myoepitheial cells | contract in response to stimulation by symphatic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct |
| Sweat | begins as a protein free filtrate of blood plasma produced by a deep secretory portion of gland |
| Insensible perspiration | isnt visible sweat |
| Diaphoresis | exercise sweat; may lose 1 liter per hour |
| Sebum | oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands |
| Holocrine gland | consists of broken down cells; keeps hair and skin from getting broken and dry |
| Lanolin | sheep sebum |
| Ceruminous glands | found in external ear canal; their secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells and forms ear wax |
| Mammary glands | milk producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation |
| Polythelia | additional nipples |
| Skin cancer | induced by UV rays of the sun |
| Three types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma |
| Autograft | tissue taken from another location on the same persons body |
| Split skin graft | taking undamaged skin from thighs or buttocks |
| Iosgraft | skin from identical twin |
| Homograft | from unrelated person |
| Heterograft | from another species |
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