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Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 Campbell Biology 7e key terms
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis | Beadle and Tatum's idea that genes do not always form an enzyme or protein, they instead form one polypeptide |
| transcription | synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
| messenger RNA | the RNA molecule that carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosomes |
| translation | synthesis of a polypeptide |
| ribosomes | particles that facilitate the linking of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
| RNA processing | pre-mRNA undergoes this in order to acheive the finished RNA |
| primary transcript | the initial RNA transcript that is not translated into protein |
| triplet code | genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of three-nucleotide words |
| template strand | the strand of DNA that is transcribed (the other strand will be duplicated, in a sense, on the mRNA) |
| codon | mRNA base triplets |
| reading frame | the specific grouping for words (uua ccg gca uaa instead of uac cgg cau aa...) |
| RNA polymerase | pries the two strands of DNA apart and hooks together RNA nucleotides as they base-pair |
| promoter | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription |
| terminator | sequence that signals the end of transcription |
| transcription unit | stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule |
| transcription factors | mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription |
| transcription initiation complex | the completed assembly of transcription factor and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter |
| TATA box | promoter DNA sequence in eukaryotes |
| 5' cap | a modified form of guanine that facilitates the export of mRNA from the nucleus and protects it from degradation |
| poly-A tail | on the 3' end, many adenines are added for protection from degradation and to help it exit the nucleus |
| RNA splicing | the cutting out of introns |
| introns | non coding sequences of nucleic acid |
| exons | coding sequences of RNA |
| spliceosome | a type of snRNP that assists in RNA splicing |
| snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoproteins | located in the cell nucleus and is the signal molecule for splicing |
| ribozymes | RNA molecules that function as enzymes; can splice itself |
| alternative RNA splicing | genes that can give rise to two or more different polypeptides depending on which segments are treated as exons |
| domains | discrete functional and structural regions of proteins that make up the modular architecture |
| transfer RNA | brings amino acids to the ribosome for making the polypeptide chain; clover shaped with anticodon end and recieving end |
| anticodon | a nucleotide triplet that will base pair with the complimentary codon on the mRNA |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | enzyme that joins the correct amino acid to tRNA |
| wobble | relaxation of base-pairing rules; allows for the third base to be different and still yield the same amino acid |
| ribosomal RNA | composes the two ribosomal subunits |
| P site "peptidyl-tRNA site" | holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
| A site "aminoacyl-tRNA site" | holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
| E site "exit site" | discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from here |
| polyribosomes or polysomes | multiple ribosomes can synthesize polypeptides from the same mRNA strand at the same time |
| signal peptide | marks the polypeptides that are destined for the endomembrane system or secretion |
| signal-recognition particle (SRP) | this particl is that adapter that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein in the ER so polypeptide synthesis can continue and be on its way to the endomembrane system/ secretion |
| point mutations | chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene; not usually detrimental but can be (sickle cell) |
| mutations | changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus |
| base-pair substitution | replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides; also called silent mutations because they don't necessarily affect the functionality of the protein |
| missense mutations | the altered codon still codes for an amino acid and thus makes sense, but not necessarily the right sense |
| nonsense mutation | causes translation to be terminated prematurely so the resulting polypeptide is shorter than that encoded by the normal gene; nearly all lead to nonfunctional proteins |
| frameshift mutation | occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted is not a multiple of three; shifts the reading frame and the wrong amino acids are coded |
| mutagens | physical or chemical agents that interact with DNA and cause mutations |
Created by:
allysav
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