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Sci141 Test 1
Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a controlled experiment? | Compares two situations that have all the influencing factors identical except one. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A tentative thought- or experiment- derived explanation. |
| What are properties? | The qualities or attributes that, taken together, are usually peculiar to an object. |
| What is a standard unit? | A measurement unit established as the standard upon which the value of the other referent units of the same type are based. |
| What is pseudoscience? | Use of the appearance of science to mislead; the assertions made are not valid or reliable. |
| What is data? | Measurement information used to describe something. |
| What is measurement? | The process of comparing a property of an object to a well-defined and agreed-upon referent. |
| What are quantities? | Measured properties includes the numerical value of the measurement and the unit used in the measurement. |
| What is a theory? | A broad, detailed explanation that guides the development of hypotheses and interpretations of experiments in a field of study. |
| What is density? | The compactness of matter described by a ratio of mass per unit volume. |
| What is a model? | A mental or physical representation of something that cannot be observed directly that is usually used as an aid to understanding. |
| What is referent? | Referring to or thinking of a property in terms of another, more familiar object. |
| What is a unit? | In measurement, a well-defined and agreed-upon referent. |
| What is an equation? | A statement that describes a relationship in which quantities on one side of the equal sign are identical to quantities on the other side. |
| What are variables? | Changing quantities usually represented by a letter or symbol. |
| What is the scientific law? | A relationship between quantities, usually described by an equation in the physical sciences; is more important and describes a wider range of phenomena than a scientific principle. |
| What is the cell? | The basic structural unit that makes up all living things. |
| What is the cell wall? | An outer covering on some cells; may be composed of cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycan depending on the kind of organism. |
| What is protoplasm? | The living portion of a cell as distinguished from the nonliving cell wall. |
| What is the cell nucleus? | The central part of a cell that contains the genetic material. |
| What is cytoplasm? | The more fluid portion of the protoplasm that surrounds the nucleus. |
| What are organelles? | Cellular structures that perform specific functions in the cell; the function of an organelle is directly related to its structure. |
| What are prokaryotic cells? | One of the two major types of cells; they do not have a typical nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane and lack many of the other membranous cellular organelles for example, member of the Eubacteria and Archaea |
| What are eukaryotic cells? | One of the two major types of cells; characterized by cells that have a true nucleus, as in plants, fungi, protists, and animals. |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? | Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place. |
| What is the Golgi apparatus? | A stack of flattened, smooth, membrannous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells. |
| What are lysosomes? | A specialized, submicroscopic organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes. |
| What is the nuclear membrane? | The structure surrounding the nucleus that separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. |
| What is the mitochondrion? | A membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration. |
| What is aerobic cellular respiration? | The biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and converts food, such as carbohydrates, to carbon dioxide and water; during this conversion, it releases the chemical-bond energy as ATP molecules. |
| What is chloroplast? | An energy-converting, membranous, saclike organelle in plant cells containing the green pigment chlorophyll. |
| What is photosynthesis? | A series of reactions that takes place in chloroplasts and results in the storage of sunlight energy in the form of chemical-bond energy. |
| What are ribosomes? | Small structures comosed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits; involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids. |
| What is chromatin? | Areas or structures within the nuceus of a cell composed of long, loosely arranged molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in association with proteins. |
| What are chromosomes? | Complex tightly coiled structures within the nucleus composed of various kinds of histone proteins and DNA that contains a cell's genetic information. |
| What is a nucleolus? | Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the information for their construction. |
| What are cell membranes? | The outer-boundary membrane of the cell; also known as the plasma membrane. |
| What is diffusion? | Net movement of a kind of molecule from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration. |
| What is selectively permeable? | The property of a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through it, but interferes with the passage of others. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Diffusion assisted by carrier molecules. |
| What is active transport? | Use of a carrier molecule to move molecules through a cell membrane in a direction opposite that of the concentration gradient; the carrier requires an input of energy other than the kinetic energy of the molecules. |
| What is phagocytosis? | The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it. |
| What is a vacuole? | A large sac within the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of a single membrane. |
| What is a polypeptide chain? | Polymers consisting of monosaccharide units joined together in straight or branched chains starches, glycogen, or cellulose. |
| What is denature? | A change in the chemical and physical properties of a molecule as a result of the breaking of chemical bonds within the molecule; for example, the change in egg whites as a result of cooking. |
| What are structured proteins? | protein molecules whose function is to provide support and shape to a cell or multicellular organism for example, muscle protein fibers. |
| What are regulator proteins? | proteins that help determine the activities that will occur in a cell or multicellular organism for example, enzymes and some hormones. |
| What are enzymes? | Protein molecules, produced by organisms, that are able to control the rate at which chemical reactions occur. |
| What are carrier proteins? | Proteins that pick up molecules from one place in a cell or multicellular organism and transport them to another; for example, certain blood proteins. |
| What are Nucleic acids? | Complex molecules that store and transfer genetic information within a cell; constructed of fundamental monomers known as nucleotides; the two common forms are DNA and RNA. |
| What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? | A molecule formed from the building blocks of adenine, ribose, and phosphates its functions as the primary energy carrier in the cell. |
| What is homeostasis? | The process of maintaining a constant internal environment as a result of constant monitoring and modifications of the functioning of various systems. |
| What is blood? | The fluid medium consisting of cells and plasma that assists in the transport of materials and heat. |
| What is the heart? | The muscular pump that forces the blood through the blood vessels of the body. |
| What are arteries? | The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| What are capillaries? | Tiny blood vessels through the walls of which exchange between cells and the blood takes place. |
| What are veins? | The blood vessels that return blood to the heart. |
| What is a plasma membrane? | The outer-boundary membrane of the cell. |
| What is hemoglobin? | An iron-containing molecule found in red blood cells, to which oxygen molecules bind. |
| What is the aorta? | The large blood vessel that carries blood from the left ventricle to the majority of the body. |
| What is the pulmonary artery? | The major blood vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. |
| What is pulmonary circulation? | The flow of blood through certain chambers of the heart and blood vessels to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| What is systemic circulation? | The flow of blood through certain chambers of the heart and blood vessels to the general body and back to the heart. |
| What is systolic blood pressure? | The blood pressure recorded in a large artery while the heart is contracting. |
| What is diastolic blood pressure? | The blood pressure recorded while the heart is relaxing. |
| What are arterioles? | Small arteries located just before capillaries that can expand and contract to regulate the flow of blood to parts of the body. |
| What is lymph? | Liquid material that leave the circulatory system to surround cells. |
| What is a lung? | a respiratory organ in which air and blood are brought close to one another and gas exchange occurs. |
| What is a trachea? | A major tube supported by cartilage that carries air to the bronchi; also known as the windpipe. |
| What are bronchi? | Major branches of the trachea that ultimately deliver air to bronchioles in the lungs. |
| What are bronchioles? | Small tubes that deliver air to the alveoli in the lung they are capable of contracting. |
| What is the diaphragm? | A muscle separating the lung cavity from the abdominal cavity that is involved in exchanging the air in the lungs. |
| What are the Dietary Reference Intakes? | Current U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines that provide information on the amounts of certain nutrients members of the public should receive. |
| What is kilocalorie? | The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius; equivalent to 1,000 calories. |
| What is the Food Guide Pyramid? | A tool developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to help the general public plan for god nutrition; guidelines for required daily intake from each of five food groups. |
| What is obesity? | The condition of being 15 percent to 20 percent above the individual's ideal weight. |
| What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? | The amount of energy required to maintain normal body activity while at rest. |
| What is bulimia? | A nutritional deficiency disease characterized by a binge-and-purge cycle of eating. |
| What is anorexia nervosa? | A nutritional deficiency disease characterized by severe, prolonged weight loss for rear of becoming obese. |
| What are kidneys? | The primary organs involved in regulating blood levels of water, hydrogen ions, salts, and urea. |
| What are nephrons? | Millions of tiny tubular units that make up the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering the blood. |
| What is a stimulus? | Any change in the internal or external environment of an organism that it can detect. |
| What is a response? | The reaction of an organism to a stimulus. |
| What are glands? | Organs that manufacture and secrete a material either through ducts or directly into the circulatory system. |
| What are hormones? | Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands to regulate other parts of the body. |
| What is a nerve impulse? | A series of changes that take place in the neuron, resulting in a wave of depolarization that passes from one end of the neuron to the other. |
| What is a synapse? | The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next, where chemicals are secreted to cause an impulse to be initiated in the second neuron. |
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