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Ch. 4
key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diabetes | a disease characterized by abnormally high blood-sugar levels. |
| Osteoporosis | a disease characterized by thinning bones. |
| Nutrients | components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, & repair itself. |
| Macronutrients | nutrients, including proteins, carbohydrates, & fats, that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health. |
| Energy | the ability to do work, including building complex molecules. |
| Essential Amino Acids | 8 amino acids the human body cannot synthesize & must obtain from food. |
| Essential Nutrient | a substance that cannot be synthesized by the body & must be obtained pre-assembled from the diet, including certain amino acids and fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals. |
| Enzyme | a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Activation Energy | the energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed. Enzymes accelerate reactions by reducing their activation energy. |
| Substrate | a compound or molecule that an enzyme binds to & on which it acts. |
| Active Site | the part of the enzyme that binds to substrates. |
| Catabolic reaction | any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules. |
| Anabolic Reaction | any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more- complex molecules. |
| Metabolism | all biochemical reactions occurring in an organism, including reactions that break down food molecules & reactions that build new cell structures. |
| Insulin | a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar. |
| Complex Carbohydrate (polysaccharide) | a carbohydrate made of many simple sugars linked together, that is, a polymer of monosaccharides; examples are starch and glycogen. |
| Starch | a complex plant carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy. |
| Glycogen | a complex animal carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy. |
| Simple Sugar (monosaccharide) | a carbohydrate made up of a single sugar subunit; an example is glucose. |
| Fiber | a complex plant carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans. |
| Mineral | an inorganic chemical element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, & tissue maintenance. (Examples: calcium, iron, potassium, zinc) |
| Cofactor | an inorganic substance, such as a metal ion, required to activate an enzyme. |
| Coenzyme | a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin, required to activate an enzyme. |
| Vitamin | an organic molecule required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, & tissue maintenance. |
| Micronutrients | nutrients, including vitamins & minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health. |
Created by:
kbtwomey
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