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The cell Cycle
Chapter 12 Campbell Biology 7e key terms
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| cell division | the reproduction of cells |
| genome | a cell's endowment of DNA; it's genetic information |
| chromosomes | Packages of DNA molecules |
| somatic cells | all body cells except for gametes |
| gametes | reproductive cells |
| chromatin | a complex of DNA and proteins that comprise chromosomes |
| sister chromatids | identical DNA on duplicated chromosomes |
| cell cycle | the life of a cell from birth to division |
| centromere | point at which chromatids are connected |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| meiosis | reproduction of sex cells that yields nonidentical daughter cells |
| mitotic (M) phase | includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
| interphase | bout 90% of the cell cycle: the cell grows and copies its DNA; can be divided into three subunits |
| G1 and G2 of interphase | growth and development |
| S phase of interphase | synthesis; chromosomes are duplicated |
| mitotic spindle | microtubule fibers that help pull apart the cell in mitosis and cytokinesis |
| centrosome | a nonmembranous organelle that organizes the cell's microtubules |
| aster | a radial arrray of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome |
| kinetochore | structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere |
| prophase | 1. chromatin fibers coil tightly, nucleoli disappear, chromatids appear, mitotic spindle begins to form, centrosomes separate |
| prometaphase | 1.5. nuclear envelope fragments, microtubles extend to middle of cell, kinetochores appear |
| metaphase | 2. longest stage, centrosomes at opposite ends, chromosomes line up across the middle |
| anaphase | 3. shortest stage, sister chromatids part, chromosomes move to opposite poles, cell elongates, cytokinesis begins |
| telophase | 4. nuclei begin to form, chromosomes become less dense, mitosis is complete |
| metaphase plate | the imaginary plane where chromatids line up during metaphase |
| cleavage furrow | a shallow groove in the cell at the beginning of cytokinesis, the cell will eventually split here, animal cells only |
| cell plate | plant cells have no cleavage furrow, this forms where the new cell wall will be. |
| binary fission | prokaryotic reproduction, division in half |
| origin of replication | in E. coli, where cell division begins |
| cell cycle control system | a cyclically oerating set of molecules in the cell that trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle |
| checkpoint | one in G1, G2, M; control point for stop and go signals to regulate the cycle |
| G(not) or G0 phase | the cell switches to this when it does not get the "go" at checkpoint G1 |
| cyclin | a protein that activates certain kinases that drive the gowth of a cell |
| MPF | a certain type of cdk; "M-phase promoting factor" or "maturation promoting factor" |
| growth factor | a protein that stimulates division of cells |
| density-dependent inhibition | crowded cells stop dividing |
| anchorage dependence | cells must be attached to a substratum to divide (cancer cells do not have this) |
| transformation | the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell |
| benign tumor | the abnormal cells remain at the original site |
| malignant tumor | the cells become invasive enough to impair the functions of organs: cancer |
| metastasis | the spread of cancer cells |
Created by:
allysav
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