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Microbio 201 Exam 1
CCCC Microbio 201 Hemant Chikarmane Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are sugars composed of? | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
| are sugars hydrophobic or philic? | hydrophilic - soluble in water |
| what are polysaccharides? | sugar polymers containing tens of thousands of sugar molecules |
| what is cellulose? | a polymer of glucose consisting of millions of glucose units |
| can cellulose be digested by humans? | no it is an insoluble fiber |
| what is starch? | a polymer of glucose consisting of thousands of glucose units. it is broken down into glucose which can be metabolized to give energy |
| what is a monosaccharide? give an example | its a simple sugar. examples: fructise and glucose |
| what is a disaccharide? give an example | it is two simple sugars covalently joined. example: sugarcane (table sugar) |
| what are lipids (fats)? | compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen |
| are lipids hydrophobic or philic? | hydrophobic. insoluble in water |
| what is a triglyceride? and what does it consists of? | an example of a fat that consists of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
| what is a diglyceride? monoglyceride? | di = two fatty acids attached to glycerol, mono = one |
| what are the 3 different fatty acids? what's the difference? | -saturated - has no double bonds -monounsaturated - has one double bonds -polyunsaturated - has more than one double bond |
| the higher the saturation, the higher the...? | melting point |
| what is a phospholipid? | two fatty acids and a terminal phosphate attached to a glycerol |
| what are steroids? give an example | another major class of lipids. cholesterol and estrogen are examples. |
| what are some functions of steroids? | -important nutrients -structural functions -hormones |
| what is a protein and what does it consist of? | polymers f L-amino acids and compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| how many different amino acids are there? | 22 |
| what is the primary structure of a protein? | the specific order of amino acids in the chain |
| do all proteins have the same primary structure? why or why not? | all proteins are different based on their specific biological function. |
| how are proteins made? | made by ribosomes which assemble one amino acid at a time using instructions on an mRNA |
| what is the secondary structure? tertiary? and quaternary of a protein? | -secondary - primary begins folding -tertiary - secondary begins folding -quaternary - two protein molecules interact with each other |
| in which structures are the proteins biologically active? | tertiary and quaternary |
| list some common proteins and their roles. | -hemoglobin - carry oxygen -keratin - form skin, hair, and nails -amylase - enzyme in saliva breaks down starch to glucose -insulin - hormone that regulates glucose -myosin - muscle movement |
| what are the 2 nucleic acids? and functions? | DNA and RNA each have different biological functions. |
| what is DNA? function? where is it located | main component of the chromosome and functions as genes in all organisms. it is found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| what is the shape of DNA and what is it comprised of? | two-stranded helix consisting of 4 letters A,T,C, and G |
| what is the orientation of the two strands? is it important? | the strands are anti-parallel and have opposite orientations. the TOP 5' end (phosphate) and the 3' end(hydroxyl) reads from left to right and the BOTTOM reads right to left. it is important because when DNA is synthesized it is always in this direction |
| what is RNA? what are its subunits? | RNA is the other nucelic acid in cells and its subunits are A,U,G,C |
| what are some several major classes of RNA and biological functions? | -mRNA - instructions for amino acid sequence -rRNA - structural components of the ribosome -tRNA - carry amino acids to the ribosome -miRNA - binds to mRNA prevents synthesis -siRNA - binds and destroys mRNA preventing synhesis |
| what are the other major classes of RNA and biological functions? (2 left) | -piRNA - involved with germ and stem cell development in invertebrates and sperm development in animals -catalytic RNAs - RNA molecules that behave as enzymes in cells example: ribonuclease P destroys RNA in E. coli |
| what is the limit of resolution? | two tiny objects placed 0.1 mm apart, they will be seen as one object by the human eye |
| brightfield microscope | used for specimens thin enough to transmit light |
| components of brigthfield microscope | -illuminator - light source -iris diaphragm - controls amount of light reaching condenser -condenser lenses - focuses light onto specimen -stage - where slide sits -objective lens - 10x, 45x, 100x -ocular lens - 10x -focusing knobs - coarse and fine |
| dissection microscope | observe 3 dimensional species. designed to focus at a distance long enough that the speciman can be worked on (dissected) example: jewelry, watch repair |
| phase contrast microscope | special condenser changes transparency and light intensity (contrast) so the object looks dark in a light backround, and looks light in a dark backround. internal details easily observed |
| fluorescence microscope | absorb light at primary wavelength and emit it at a longer wavelength. can stain with fluorescent dye to see certain parts (fluorescent body technique). even a single cell can be identified in a mixture of cells |
| confocal microscope | very narrow laser beam illuminates small regions to make a big picture captured by computer. good for thick specimens |
| electron microscope | uses beam of electrons to illuminate the inside of the specimen to see structural details. magnification limit of 1,000,000 |
| atomic force microscope | doesn't use light, electrons, or lenses. a stylus scans over the surface and records "bumps" electrical charge variations to see cells at the atomic level |
| all living organisms are divided into what 2 groups? what is the major difference between the 2? give some examples | Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and defined nuclear membrane (animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae). Prokaryotes have a primitive nucleus ,nucleoid, a diffuse mass of DNA in the center of the cell (bacteria and archaea) |
| Eukaryotic cell membrane | -made of phospholipid bilayer and sterols -has integral proteins for transport and to act as sensors to external environment |
| Eukaryotic cytoskeleton | -below membrane it is a polymerized network of actin filaments -provide shape and size of cell |
| eukaryotic nucleus | -dark area is nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized -contains chromosomes which are multiple linear chromosomes, meaning each chromosome has one linear DNA with histone proteins |
| eukaryotic nuclear membrane | has pores that: -permit RNA to exit to cytoplasm -allow enzymes and hormones to enter nucleus |
| eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum | -between the nuclues and cell membrane -rough ER - embedded ribosomes size 80S -also contain golgi (pancakes) involved in export of glycoproteins -also contain lysosomes - membrane bound vesciles filled with degradative enzymes -vacuoles |
| eukaryotic mitochondria | -presnet in all eukaryotes -contain circular chromosome and 70S ribosomes so the can synthesize their own proteins -involved in respiration -major source of ATP |
| mitochondrial inheritance | -inherited maternally and can use mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) to trace ancestry -just like Y-chromosome and "paternal" lineage |
| eukaryotic chloroplast | -only found in plants and algae -site of photosynthesis -CO2 + H2O --> sugar + O2 -have single circular chromosome and 70S ribosomes |
| eukaryotic flagella and cilia | -organs of locomotion to move to ideal growing conditions |
| prokaryoti cell structure | simpler than eukaryotes. no ER, mitochondira, golgi, and chloroplasts |
| prokaryotic plasma membrane | -hydrophobic -NO sterols (unlike eukaryotes) -active transport (diffusion too slow) |
| prokaryotic cytoskeleton | -network of stiff, actin-like proteins in spiral network -give cell its shape -one spiral = length, one = width |
| prokaryotic cell shapes and arrangements | cocci, rods, and spirals, some unusual ones |
| gram-positive bacteria cell wall | uniform, consists of peptidoglycan and techoic acid |
| gram-negative bacteria cell wall | -thinner peptidoglycan, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide layer -LPS layer functions as pyrogen indicator of infection |
| prokaryotic capsule (glycocalyx, slime layer) | -functions as virulence factor -allows organism to stick -prevents phagocytosis of WBCs |
| prokaryotic cytoplasm | contains nuceloid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusions |
| prokaryotic nucleoid | -loosely placed in cytoplasm -attached to cell membrane at replication origin -contains chromosomes with genetic material |
| prokaryotic plasmids | -circular or linear chromosomes thay MAY be presnet -not essential but endows special characteristics: -ability to grow on petroleum -antibiotic resistance -special proteins that make organism pathogen -resistance to heavy metal poisons |
| prokaryotic ribosomes | 70S protein synthesis |
| prokaryotic inclusions | -various granules function most often in nutrient storage |
| prokaryotic major inclusions | -metachromatic granules - phosphate reserve -PHA - fat reserve (biodegradable plastic) -Magnetosomes - marine bacteria pulled towards ocean floor (food) |
| prokaryotic endospores | -sporulation 7 hours to spore -germination - 5 minutes to cell |
| flagella and axial filaments | -locomotor organs and humidity sensors -4 flagellar types -axial filaments - specialized flagella corkscrew motion |
| prokaryotic R pilus | -conjugation R- becomes R+ -tranfer antibiotic resitance |
| what is archaea? | major group of prokaryotes, the other being bacteria |
| what are some characteristics that differ from normal prokaryotic structure? | -no peptidoglycan -membranes contain lipid ethers -frequently found in extreme environments |
| describe 3 major groups of archaea | -thermophiles - grow at high temperatures. hydrothermal vents. chimeny of sulfide -halophiles - very high salt -methanogens - anearobic. metabolize sugars, fats to produce methane |
Created by:
rolandowallace
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