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Bio Unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Evolution | descent with modification; change in allele frequency of a population over time; pattern vs process |
| Aristotle | scala naturae; every organism created perfect bu God; unchanging ladder |
| Linnaeus | Taxonomy; grouping instead of linear; perfect and unchanging |
| Hutton | gradualism; planet is undergoing changes slowly |
| Malthus | populations; they overproduce; this gave a driving force to why evolution happens |
| Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | before Mendel; use and disuse; said used traits get larger and more pronounced overtime |
| Cuvier | fossils; saw differences in fossils to the present organisms |
| Lyell | uniformitarianism; changes dont stop; gradual |
| Mendel | traits passed on to offspring |
| Wallace | had the same ideas as Darwin; but let Darwin have full credit |
| Stuff about Darwin | degree from cambridge in divinity; hensloe got him on Beagle |
| adaptations | inherited characteristics that enhance organisms survival and reproduction |
| natural selection | change over generations because individuals having certain inheritable traits leave more offspring than others; differential reproductive success |
| descent with modification observations | memebers of a population often vary greatly in their traits; all species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support |
| descent with modification inferences | individuals with traits that allow them to survive reproduce more; the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in future generations |
| example of artificial selection | the wild mustard plant; one plant turned into kale; brussel sprouts; cabbage; broccoli; and kohlrabi |
| what do antibiotics target? | the cell wall; cause a different protein to be produced |
| what is MRSA? | methsycline staph aureis; pathogenic strain of staph |
| what drugs is MRSA resistant to? | resistance to penicilin; then use methacilin; now seeing resistance to this, looking for new drug |
| homologous structures | the same makeup but with different functions |
| vestigial organs | organs that reduce in size, no longer in use |
| examples of vestigial organs | leg bones in snakes; wings on flightless birds; appendix in humans |
| what do they think the appendix may possibly be used for? | where cellulose used to be broken down; or it could be currently used for the immune system |
| convergent evolution | independent evolution of similar features in different lineages |
| analogous structures | built differently; but have a common function |
| biogeography | geographical distribution of species; islands are inhabited by organisms most closely resembling nearest land mass(Pangaea!) |
| comparative embryology | similarities in embryos; including pharyngeal pouches (gills slits) and tails |
| populations genetics | the study of genetic changes in populations |
| define population | a group of organisms of same type and in same area |
| define species | organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring |
| define gene pool | a populations genetic make up |
| modern synthesis/ Neo-Darwinism | in the early 1900s, mathematicians proved Darwin theories |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | predicts allele frequency in a non-evolving population (in equilibrium); the frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation if the five conditions are met; can be used to determine if a population is evolving |
| five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | 1) Large population 2) no migration 3) no mutations 4) no natural selection 5) random mating if these conditions are not met, evolutionary change will occur! |
| genetic drift | changes in the gene pool due to chance; most often seen in small populations |
| gene flow | migration; genetic exhcnage due to migrations of fertiel individuals between populations; tends to decrease differences between populations |
| Bottle neck effect | genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population; surviving population is no longer genetically representative of original population |
| founder effect | due to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population; gene pool is different form source population |
| nonrandom mating | inbreeding an assortive mating (mating with the same phenotype)- both shift frequencies of different genotypes |
| polymorphism | coexistence of 2 or more distinct forms of individuals within the same populations |
| geographical variation | differences in genetic structure between populations |
| evolutionary trade offs | advantages outweigh disadvantages |
| cons of sexual reproduction | finding a mate; time; energy |
| diploidy | 2nd set of chromosomes hides variation in the heterozygote |
| heterozygote advantage example | sickle cell; plasmadiom cannot invade sickled cells; disadvantage- high stress can cause lower ATP production |
| fitness | contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation (offspring you create) |
| frequency-dependent selection | survival and reproduction of any 1 morph declines if it becomes to common, ex: parasite/host |
| three ways in which natural selection alters variation... | directional( moves in a certain direction) ; disruptive(only extreme phenotypes); stabilizing (only middle phenotypes) |
| sexual dimorphism | secondary sex characteristic distinction |
| intrasexual selection | competition among same sex! |
| intersexual selection | opposite sex makes choice |
| anagenesis | accumulation of heritable changes trasnform existing species into new species |
| cladogenesis | budding of new species from parent species that continues to exist |
| Ernst Mayr | described biological species concept |
| reproductive isolation | prevent closely related species from interbreeding when their ranges overlap; divided into prezygotic and postzygotic |
| habitat isolation | organisms physically do not come together |
| temporal isolation | different timing in when they can mate |
| behavioral isolation | different mating rituals |
| mechanical isolation | physically cant line things up properly |
| gametic isolation | ex. certain sperm needed to fit |
| three types of postzygotic barriers | 1) reduced hybrid viability 2) reduced hybrid fertility 3) hybrid breakdown |
| why cant mules reproduce? | odd number of chromosomes; meiosis cant take place |
| punctuated equilibrium | bursts of many new species; followed by periods of little chance |
| allopatric | physical separation between populations; can result in adaptive radiation (island species) |
| sympatric | reproductively isolated subpopulation in the midst of its parent population; ex: polyploidy in plants |
| oparin/haldane | primitive earth was a reducing environmental; no oxygen; lightning and UV radiation provided energy for complex organic molecule formation |
| miller/urey | simulated atmosphere composed if water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia; all 20 amino acids, nitrogen bases, and ATP formed; supproted Oparin/Haldane hypthesis |
| What is considered to possibly be the first nucleotide? | RNA |
| cyanobacteria | photsynthetic bacteria; produce oxygen |
| age of mammals | Cenezoic |
| Age of dinosaours | Mesozoic |
| Cambrian | increase in animal diversity; coincides with oxygen revolution |
| Permian | first huge extinction; possibly volcano |
| Cretaceous | second mass extinction; meteor |
| first animals on land | arthropods; exoskeleton |
| adaptive radiation | extinction followed by diversity in other organisms |
| advantages of binomial nomenclature | universal and gives information about organisms |
| name levels of phylogeny | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Proof of endosymbiotic theory | 70s ribosomes; double membrane; 1 chromosome in circular form; has own DNA; binary fission |
| polytomy | unresolved pattern of divergence |
| molecular systematics | distinguishing homologies and analogies at molecular level |
| clades | groups of species in cladistics |
| monophyletic | ancestral group and all descendants |
| paraphyletic | ancestral group and some, but not all descendants |
| polyphyletic | includes taxa with multiple ancestors (ex. kingdom protista) |
| Parisomy | if there is multiple ways to generate a phylogenic tree; choose simplest (Occam's Razor) |
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bootoo
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