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BSC final review
terms, defintions, and anagrams
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hierarchy of Organization | BECause POOT COMA or A MOCk TO OPEC Builders |
| Characteristics of all living things | GORE ERR |
| Determining atomic number | number of protons |
| Determining atomic mass | sum of mass of protons and mass of neutrons |
| Distribution of electrons | 2:8:8 |
| Role of valence in determining an atom’s behavior | open e- positions open in outermost shell will allow bonds to form. usually results in atoms staying close together b/c chemical bonds |
| Electronegativity | amount of pull of atom on electrons (of other atoms). oxygen is the most electronegative |
| Polar covalent bonds | unequally share a valence e- because of electronegativity. partial charges |
| Non-polar covalent bonds | equally share a valence e-. usually two of the same atom or carbon bonds |
| Ionic bonds | ions result from a transfer of e-. held together by opposite charges, not a physical connection. salts |
| Hydrogen bonds | the attraction between the partial charges of water (polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen). in DNA |
| Organic compounds | have carbon |
| Hydrocarbon | hydrogen and carbon. in many organic compounds |
| Special properties of water | VECTor: Versatility as a solvent, Expansion upon freezing, Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate Temperature |
| pH scale | a measure of the concentration of H+. acids H+ 0-> bases OH- 14 |
| Acid | H+ |
| Acid on pH scale | 0-6 |
| Base | OH- |
| Base on pH scale | 8-14 |
| Buffers | minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. most consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+ |
| Major functional groups | SuCH MeAn CaPos: Sulf/hydrl/oxyl/carb methyl amino carbonyl, phosphate |
| Major Macromolecules | CaN LiP: Carbs, Nucleic acids, Lipids, Proteins. building blocks of life. |
| Carbohydrates | sugars made of multiples of CH2O and glycosidic linkage. ie starch and cellulose(plants) and glycogen (animals) and chitin (arthropods). fuels cells and are raw material for building molecules. |
| Lipids-fats | un/saturated fats made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids and ester linkage. hydrophobic, store energy. |
| Lipids-phospholipids | phospholipids are ampipathic and make up membrane bilayer. |
| Lipids-steroids | steroids are c skeleton w/ 4 fused rings; ie cholesterol, part of cell membrane and helps make other steroids |
| Proteins | most of cells, instrumental in most cell fx. enzymatic, structural, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and defensive proteins. made of amino acids, which are made of polypeptides. |
| Protein levels | structure determines function. primary- amino acid sequence. secondary- coils and folds. tertiary- interactions between R groups. quaternarty- 2+ aggregated polypeptide chains. |
| Nucleic acids | nitrogenous base, a 5C sugar, + a phosphate group. DNA + RNA enble components to be reproduced, and controls proteins synthesis |
| Dehydration synthesis | creates polymers from monomers. facilitated by enzymes. loses a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | disassembles polymers into monomers. usese water to break bond. sped up with enzymes. |
| Ribosome | bound or free. protein factories. location influences type of protein. |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes. continuous from nuclear envelope. |
| Endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane |
| Smooth ER | makes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poison, stores calcium |
| Vesicle | membrane. encloses product from ER and leaves through golgi apparatus. take products from golgi apparatus to totehr parts of the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | cisternae (flat sacs) in stack. not connected to nucleus. uses vesicles like UPS |
| Lysosome | vesicle w/ hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules |
| Mitochondria | site of cellular respiration |
| Chloroplasts | site of photosynthesis |
| Peroxisomes | oxidize hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
| Cytoskeleton | fiber network throughout cytoplasm. made of 3 microfibers: microtubules (centriole, centrosomes), intermediate fillaments (anchors), and microfillaments (cell maintenance, changes in cell shape). |
| Plasmodemata | junction that connects plant cellls for movement of small stuff |
| ECM | support, adhesion, movement, and regulation of what comes and goes in the cell |
| Animal cell junctions | tight, anchoring, and gap |
| Plant v. animal cells | plants have chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata. animals have lysosomes, centrosomes (+ centrioles), flagella |
| Fluid mosaic model | membrane is a fluid structure with various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids |
| Passing through phospholipid bilayer | Easy: hydrophobic, small, nonpolar. Hard: hydrophilic, ions/polar, large |
| Embedded in plasma membrane | proteins: transport, enzymatic, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM. Lipids: change fluidity of membrane. Carbs: cell-cell recognition |
| Watson and Crick DNA | double helix with antiparallel backbones. AT and GC pairing. |
| Nitrogenous bases and pairing | pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil) pair with purines (adenine and guanine). C-G, T/U-A. with sugar, forms nucleoside. with sugar and phosphate group, forms nucleotide. |
| Passive transport | no net energy, moves down gradient from high to low, toward equilibrium. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis. |
| Tonicity | solutions in relation to cell |
| Isotonic | no net change. same as cell. normal for animal cells; plants become limp and shrivel (flaccid) |
| Hypertonic | solution is more concentrated than cell, so cell loses water and shrinks. crenates animal cells (shrink and shrivel); plasmolysis of plant cells. |
| Hypotonic | solution is less concentrated than cell so cell takes in water and grows. lysis of animal cells (burst); turgid plant cells. |
| Cellular respiration steps | glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation. or glycolysis and alcohol fermentation or lactic acid |
| Glycolysis | in cytoplasm. substrate level phosphorylation. makes 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP |
| Conversion of pyruvate | if oxygen is present, makes 2 acetylcoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH |
| Citric acid cycle (Krebs) | in mitochondrial matrix. substrate level phosphorylation. makes 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | in mitochondrial cristae. ETC and chemiosmosis. makes 34 ATP. ETC pumps H+ from fluid to space, creates gradient for pump |
| Alcohol fermentation | recycles NAD/H. makes ethanol and 2 ATP. releases CO2. no oxygen |
| Lactic Acid | recycles NAD/H. makes 2 ATP. no oxygen |
| Photosynthesis steps | in plant leaves. light reactions and calvin cycle. |
| Light reactions | in thylakoid membranes. PSII (P680): split water, release O2, and light excites e-s. ETC and chemiosmosis (makes ATP in stroma). PSI (P700) e-s get excited again, release NADPH in stroma. |
| Calvin cycle | in stroma. CO2 enters 1 @ a time. carbon fixation, reduces CO2 into sugar, regenerates RuBP. takes 3 cycles to make 1 G3P |
| First law of thermodynamics | energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can be transferred and transformed |
| Second law of thermodynamics | every energy transfer increases the entrophy (disorder) of the universe |
| Catabolic | spontaneous. releases energy. - change G. breakdown. exergonic |
| Anabolic | non-spontaneous. consumes energy. + change G. building. endergonic |
| Redox reactions | OIL RIG, LEO goes GER. _ agent based on what does to other molecule/atom w/ e- |
| Cell cycle checkpoints | at G1, G2, and M phases. G1: restriction point, if no go, will exit cell cycle to nondividing G0 phase. |
| Cell cycle interphase | G1, replication at S, G2 |
| Mitosis prophase | nuclear envelope starts to breakdown, chromosomes become visible, spindle starts to form |
| Mitosis metaphase | chromosomes line up at middle |
| Mitosis anaphase | sister chromatids separate |
| Mitosis telophase and cytokinesis | nuclear envelope reforms, division of cytoplasm. 2 daughter cells |
| Kinetichore | specialized protein structure at centromere, pops up in prometaphase, where microtubules extending from centrosomes attach to chromatids |
| Meiosis I | separates homologous pairs. crossing over may occur during synapsis while in prophase. 2 new cells |
| Meiosis II | separates sister chromatids. 4 non-identical haploid gametes. |
| Law of segregation | the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. for distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes |
| Law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other during gamete formation. for genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes |
| Recessive | homozygous. ie Tay-Sachs |
| Multiple alleles | multiple alleles of single gene. ie ABO blood groups |
| Pleiotrophy | gene w/ multiple phenotypic effects. ie cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell |
| Epistasis | gene at one locus changes phenotypic expression of gene at another locus. ie fur color |
| Polygenic inheritance | two+ genes effect one phenotypic character. ie skin pigmentation |
| Dominant | homozygous. ie Huntington's disease |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on either sex chromosome. usually on X. ie color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia (recessive) |
| Nondisjunction | during meiosis, creates abnormal number of chromosomes. trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), turner syndrome |
| Linked genes | on the same chromosome or very close to each other |
| DNA helicase | unzips DNA (translation) |
| DNA polymerase | adds new bases to 3' end, assembling 'new' strand (translation) |
| DNA ligase | fuses Okazaki fragments (translation) |
| RNA polymerase | unzips DNA and adds RNA bases. don't need a primer to start chain. assembled 5'->3' |
| anticodon | on tRNA. nucleotide triplet that base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA |
Created by:
selfstudy08
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