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Embryology
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is the germ layer origin of the epithelial lining in the resp. sys.? | A: The epithelium is PCCE, and derives from the endoderm. |
| Q: What is the germ layer derivative of cartilage and m. in the resp. sys.? | A: splanchnic mesoderm, also mesenchyme of pahryngeal arches 4 &6 |
| Q: What ridges fuse to form the septum that separates the esophagus from the trachea/lung buds? | A: esophagotracheal ridges |
| Q: What is the name of the process that initially extends from the foregut as the resp. sys. developes? | A: laryngotracheal (respiratory) diverticulum |
| Q: What is the innervation of the larynx? | A: Vagus nerve (CN X), sup. laryngeal n. from arch 4, and inf. laryngeal n. from arch 6 |
| Q: What is the name of the first two extensions off of the respiratory diverticulum? | A: bronchial/lateral lung buds. these were initially primary bronchii. |
| Q: Which bronchial division defines the lungs? | A: primary/first degree bronchi |
| Q: What structures are defined in the secondary/second degree bronchi? | A: lobes are defined |
| Q: In the tertiary/thrid degree bronchi, bronchopulmonary segments are defined. How many are on each side? | A: 8 on L, 10 on R |
| Q: Alveoli appear after bronchioles. What type of cells in the alveoli form the blood-air barrier? | A: Type 1 cells |
| Q: What do type 2 alveolar cells do? | A: secrete SURFACTANT, which reduces tension |
| Q: In which developemental stage is no respiration possible? | A: Pseudoglandular. There are terminal bronchioles only in this stage. |
| Q: Is surfactant present in the Canalicular developemental stage? | A: No. there are only bronchioles, and alveolar ducts. |
| Q: When is surfactant finally present? | A: In the terminal sac stage of developement. This is when primitive alveoli are found, w/ type 1/2 cells. |
| Q: When are mature alveoli, and additional respiratory structures found? | A: in the alveolar stage of developement. this is from late fetal periods, to 8 yrs. of age, and mature alveoli are found. |
| Q: Digestive anomalies occur with improper junctions between the trachea and esophagus. The most common of these is referred to as what? | A: tracheoesophageal fistula. |
| Q: Insufficient surfactant causes alveoli to collapse in premature babies, and causes what syndrome? | A: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which is a hyaline membrane disease |
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DumpTruck
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