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Biology 1030 Test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | scientific endeavor; describes and explains organisms and their surroundings |
| Assumptions | natural causality; universality in space and time; common perception |
| Natural causality | events caused by natural forces - study and understand |
| Common perception | sense natural events commonly; provide reliable information |
| Universality in space and time | forces that govern events |
| Characteristics of scientific knowledge | testable; based on evidence; tentative; critical perspective; self-correcting; independently valid way of knowing |
| Process of science (methodology) | observation; question; hypothesis (testable); experiment; prediction; data; conclusion (about hypothesis) |
| Dependent variable | "thought" to be affected as you manipulate results; measured during experiment; responding variable; only one |
| Independent variable | "thought" to impact dependent variable; changed (manipulated) during experiment |
| Laws | regularities observed in nature; theories explain laws (DON'T mature into them); describe |
| Theories | well-supported explanations; high confidence level; may be modified or rejected |
| Hypotheses | initial explanations of phenomena that must be testable |
| scientists utilize samples of a population | because it is practically impossible to study all members of a population |
| Statistics | utilized by scientists to help interpret data (and determine if meaningful difference exist between data sets) |
| Standard error | measure of the variation associated with a measurement |
| Normal distribution | 68% population: X +- 1SE 95% population: X +- 2SE 99% population: X +- 3SE |
| Confidence limits | estimates (mean); measurement of variation (SE); meaningful conclusions about data |
| Highly ordered | on many different levels; example: organ systems, biomes, ecosystems |
| Composed of cells | cell theory: structural, functional, and reproductive unit of life |
| Obtain and utilize energy and resources | maintain orderliness (arrangement); fight entropy (tendency towards disorder) |
| Irritability | respond to environment; example: sweating, reflexes |
| Develop | grow; produce - new structures |
| Reproduce | pass on organization to the next generation - DNA |
| Evolve | populations change over generation; response to environment |
| Evolution | explains diversity & unity of life; old observation: Law of Evolution (didn't explain how); missing: theory; Charles Darwin - natural selection |
| Natural selection | 1) over-reproduction; 2) genetic variation; 3) competition for limited resources; 4) differential survival/ reproduction (genetically controlled traits/ behaviors |
| Microevolution | change in gene frequency over generations |
| Adaptions | traits that make an organism "fit" for it's environment |
| Macroevolution | reproductive isolation; two populations become distinct species over time (speciation) |
| Primary mechanism of evolution | natural selection |
| approximate number of described species | 1.5 - 2 million |
| 6 kingdoms | eubacteria; archaebacteria; protista; fungi; plantae; animalia |
| All life has this | cell membrane |
| Eubacteria | unicellular; prokaryotic; simple; some autotrophic (producers in ecosystems); some heterotrophic (decomposers in ecosystem); cell walls (in addition to cell membrane) |
| Archaebacteria | tend to be found in extreme environments; chemically different from other bacteria; unicellular (single-celled); simple; cell walls present; prokaryotic |
| Protista | unicellular; eukaryotic; complex (specialized structures); some autotrophic; some heterotrophic; cell walls present in some |
| Fungi | mostly multicellular; some unicellular; eukaryotic; saprobic (oozes out enzymes); ecological role: decomposers; cell walls present |
| Plantae | multicellular; eukaryotic; autotrophic (self-energy); producers in ecosystem; cell walls present; essential to life |
| Animalia | multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophic (ingestive); consumers in ecosystem; cell walls - ABSENT |
| vital for all ecosystems | producers and decomposers |
| 3 domains | bacteria; archae; eukarya |
| domain of plantae | eukarya |
| domain of eubacteria | bacteria |
| domain of animalia | eukarya |
| domain of fungi | eukarya |
| domain of archaebacteria | archae |
| domain of protista | eukarya |
| Biodiversity | total number of different species in an ecosystem; current concerns: seems to be declining |
| factors that contribute to the current loss of biodiversity | habitat destruction (primary reason); over-killing/ over-harvesting; displacement by introduced species; chemical pollution |
| endangered species in the U.S. | 1,000 |
| endangered species in TN | 100 |
| Classification of biodiversity | domain; kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species |
| Biochemistry | life is composed of matter; element (pure): 25 essential to life; CHONPS; bond --> compounds |
| CHONPS | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
| $1000 | value of the chemicals in the human body at the elemental level |
| Atoms interact | complete outer electron shells; share/ transfer electrons; after, attraction = chemical bonds; strongest: ionic and covalent; H bonds: weak/ important (holds DNA molecule) |
| electron-negativity | determines the type of bond |
| Ionic bond | one atom donates one or more electrons to another atoms, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other; transfer ( - ); strong bond strength but easily broken in water; ex: Sodium chloride (NaCl) |
| Covalent bond | atoms share electron pairs; similar electron-negativities; strong bond strength; Carbon: 4 covalent bonds; complex molecules; organic compounds (carbon based); "backbone" |
| Polar bonds | unequal sharing; molecules with partial +/- sides; ex: water - oxygen ( - ) and hydrogen ( + ) = hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen bond | atom with partial negative charge attracts atom with partial positive charge; form between adjacent molecules or between different parts of a large molecule; weak bond strength; ex: attracts adjacent water molecules to each other |
| Water moderates ______ changes in our bodies and our environment? | temperature |
| Water is _____ dense when it freezes and freezes at the top first. Why is this important? | less; it permits life because it insulates the bottom of rivers and other bodies of water |
| Diffusion | the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | the movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Tonic | concentration of dissolved substances; hypo (low/ cell swells); hyper (high/ cell shrinks); iso (same) |
| 7 (neutral) | pH of water |
| pH | the concentration of hydrogen |
| Acids | release additional (H+) ions; less than 7 = acidic substance |
| Bases | release additional (OH-) ions; more than 7 = basic substance |
| log scale | used to measure pH |
| Homeostasis | maintaining balance |
| acid rain | pH of <5 = acid rain; "normal": pH 5.6; sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides: combustion of fossil fuels |
| How does acid rain negatively impact trees? | kills symbiotic mycorrrhiza (soil fungi); leaches out important minerals (depletes soil); promotes the absorption of aluminum that clogs the vascular system of plants |
| Carbon | 4 bonds; organic molecules: backbones of carbons, O, H, functional groups |
| Function groups | hydroxyl OH (sugars) amino NH_2 or NH_3 (amino acids & proteins) carboxyl COOH (sugars, fats, & amino acids) |
| organic compounds | proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Dehydration synthesis | pulling a molecule out and then building; H2O removed |
| Hydrolysis | splitting via water; H2O added |
| Life needs ______ and ______ to synthesize? | energy; nutrients |
| Proteins | we are what we are because of the proteins we make |
| Protein structures | polymers; monomer = amino acids; we make proteins by putting amino acids together like the alphabet |
| Making a protein | dehydration synthesis; hydroxide (OH) & hydrogen (H) --> water; C-N bond = peptide bond (more than one amino acid) |
| Enzymes | mechanical stress; speed up chemical reactions; lower activation energy |
| Denatured | function of enzyme depends on shape (loss of shape = loss of function); |
| Substrate | the only chemical reaction the specific enzyme tries to speed up |
| Metabolic pathways | chemical reactions and products are webbed together |
| Carbohydrates | sugars/ starches; function: structure and energy; CHO: 1:2:1 ration; classified by size |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars; ex: glucose (blood sugar) which is the preferred sugar; C_6_H_12_O_6 |
| Disaccharides | double-sugars; 2 monosaccharides; dehydration synthesis; ex: sucrose and lactose |
| Polysaccharides | more than 2 simple sugars (complex carbs); ex: cellulose structure (fiber) and glycogen (energy storage in animals) and starch (energy storage in plants) |
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