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Taxonomy/Microbio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | the discipline of classifying organisms |
| how do scientists classify organisms? | by biological structures and significance |
| bionomial nomenclature | two word naming system by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms |
| 2 parts of a bionomial nomenclature | genus, species |
| how many taxa levels are there? | 7 (8 with domain) |
| DKPCOFGS | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order,family, species |
| phylogeny | study of evolutionary relationships |
| 6 kingdoms | Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protist, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| Archaebacteria | Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto/heterotroph, found in extreme conditions, ex. thermophiles |
| Eubacteria | prokaryotic, unicellular, auto/heterotroph, common true bacteria, ex. e. coli |
| Protist | Eukaryotic, uni/multicellular, auto/heterotroph, grab bag, ex. euglena, amoeba |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposers, ex. yeast, mold, mushrooms |
| Plantae | Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotroph, photosyntheses, ex. all plants |
| Animalia | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph, most complex, ex. elephant, boar, human |
| Prokaryotic kingdoms include... | Archaebacteria and Eubacteria |
| 2 types of prokaryotic autotrophs | chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs |
| 2 types of prokaryotic heterotrophs | photohterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs |
| Prokaryotic Chemoautotrophs | use other molecules besides light to make their food |
| Prokaryotic Photoautotrophs | use light energy as their energy source, must have CO2 |
| Pro. Photoheterotrophs | use light energy, but must have carbon from organic compounds |
| Pro. Chemoheterotrophs | consume organic compounds for energy |
| sprophytes | decomposers |
| 3 types of Archeabacteria | methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles |
| Methanogens (archae) | produce methan gas, live in oxygen free enviroments |
| Halophiles (archae) | live in high salt content water |
| Thermophiles (archae) | live in hot, acidic sulfur springs |
| Eubacteria | common true bacteria |
| common parts of a bacteria | flagella and cilia |
| antibiotics | prevent bacteria from reproducing |
| penicillin was discovered by | Alexander Fleming |
| gram staining | used to identify bacteria by the amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall |
| gram positive | large amounts of peptidoglycan |
| gram negative | small amounts of peptidoglycan |
| bacteria shapes | coccus, bacillus, spirillum |
| coccus | spheres |
| bacillus | rods |
| spirillium | spirals |
| bacterial growth patterns | diplo, staphylo, strepto |
| diplo | grow in pairs |
| staphylo | grow like grapes |
| strepto | grow in long chains |
| bacteria reproduce | asexually and conjugation (sexually) |
| asexual bacterial reproduction | binary fission, similar to mitosis |
| sexual bacterial reproduction | male uses sex pili to attach to female, pulling them together and forming mating bridge |
| adaptations in bacteria include | obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes |
| obligate aerobes (bacteria) | require constant supply of oxygen |
| obligate anaerobes (bacteria) | NO oxygen |
| facultatibe anaerobes (bacteria) | with or without oxygen happy :) |
| endospores | contain bacterium's DNA and cytoplasm, like a bacterial seed, with conditions are right it will "sprout" |
| nitrogen fixation | convert nitrogen in the air into ammonia |
| pathogenic | disease causing |
| pathogenic exotoxins | secreted by pathogens |
| pathogenic ENDotoxins | components of the outer membrane, released only when the bacteria die, at the END of their life |
| viruses are... | nonliving particles composed of nucleic acids in a protein coat |
| viruses are named for... | the disease they cause |
| all viruses have a | capsid and nucleic acids |
| viral shapes | polyhedral, envelop, helical, bacteriaphage |
| bacteriaphages only infect... | bacteria |
| natural viral immunity | anitbodies passed from mother to unborn child |
| artifical viral immunity | involves infecting anitbodies from an organisms that are already immune to a virus |
| active immunity | occurs after being exposed to antigens |
| vaccines | used on viruses to trigger an immune response |
| inventor of first vaccine | Edward Jenner |
| prions are | made of proteins, no genetic material, cause other proteins to malfunction |
| viroids are | strand or RNA but no protein, cause disease in plants |
| 2 ways viruses enter cells | virus inkecys nucleic acids, endocytosis (enveloped virus) |
| Lytic cycle | destroys host cell, virus attches, then cell transcribes virus' nucleic acid, then assembles new viruses to release |
| lysogenic cycle | doesn't destroy host cell, attachment, incorporation of DNA/RNA, mitosis of infected cells, then to lytic |
| provirus | virus that has been injected and passed on from one cell to the next |
| lysis | bursting of the cell |
| exocytosis | active transport by which materials are expelled from a cell |
| retrovirus | RNA virus (HIV) |
| slime molds | protists |
| water molds | protists |
| Fungi are classified by | the way they produce theur spores |
Created by:
xcemma
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