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Chapter 6
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Appendicular | The portion of the skeleton that consists of the soulder and pelvic girdles and the bones of the arms and legs. |
| Articulaton | A joint. |
| Axial | The portion of the skeleton that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. |
| Bursa | A sac of synovial fluid that decreases friction between a tendon and bone. |
| Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone; contains a morrow canal filled with yellow bone marrow. |
| Epiphyseal disc | A plate of cartilage at the junction of an epiphysis with the diaphysis of a long bone; the site of growth of a long bone. |
| Epiphysis | The end of a long bone. |
| Fontanel | An area of fibrous connective tissue membrane between the cranial bones of an infant's skull, where bone formation is not complete. |
| Haversian System | The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central haversian canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes within matrix. |
| Ligament | A fibrous connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone. |
| Ossification | The process of bone formation; bone matrix is produced by osteoblasts during the growth or repair of bones. |
| Osteoblast | A bone-producing cell; produces bone matrix for the growth or repair of bones. |
| Osteoclast | A bone-destroying cell; reabsorbs bone matrix as part of the growth or repair of bones. |
| Paranasal Sinus | An air cavity in the fronta, maxilla, sphenoid, or ethmoid bones; opens into the nasal cavities. |
| Periosteum | The fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bone; contains osteoblasts for bone growth or repair. |
| Suture | A synarthrosis, an immovable joint between cranial bones or facial bones. |
| Symphysis | An amphiarthrosis in which a disc of cartilage is found between two bones, as in the vertebral column. |
| Synovial Fluid | A thick slippery fluid that prevents friction within the joint cavities. |
| Autoimmune Disease | A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to the person's own tissue. |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa. |
| Fracture | A break in a bone |
| Herniated Disc | Rupture of an intervertebral disc |
| Kyphosis | An exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column |
| Lordosis | An exaggerated lumbar curvature of the vertebral column |
| Osteoarthritis | The inflammation of a joint, especially a weight-bearing joint, that is most often a consequence of aging. |
| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of a bone caused by a pathogenic microorganism. |
| Osteoporosis | A condition in which bone matrix is lost and not replaced, resulting in weakened bones that are then more likely to fracture. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | An autoimmune disease characterized by severe inflammation of joints. The joint damage may progress to fusion and immobility of the joint. |
| Rickets | A deficiency of vitamin D in children, resulting in poor and abnormal bone growth |
| Scoliosis | A lateral curvature of the vertabral column |
| The skeleton is made of bone and cartilage and has what functions? | Is a framework for support, connected by liagament, moved by muscles. Protects internal organs from mechanical injury. Contains and protects red bone marrow. Stores excess calcium; important to regulate blood calcium level. |
| Osteocytes (cells) are found in the... | Matrix of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and collagen |
| What system is present in compact bone? | Haversian System |
| What is present in the spongy bone? | Red bone marrow |
| What cartilage is smooth and on the joint surfaces? | Articular Cartilage |
| What are some examples of long bones? | arms, legs; shaft is the diaphysis (compact bone) with a marrow cavity containing yellow bone marrow (fat); ends are epiphyses (spongy bone) |
| What are some examples of short bones? | Wrists, ankles (spongy bone covered with compact bone) |
| What are some examples of flat bones? | Ribs, pelvic bone, cranial bones (spongy bone covered with compact bones) |
| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Vertebrae, facial bones (spongy bone covered with compact bone) |
| The embryonic skeleton is made of? | Other tissues that are gradually replaced by bone |
| Ossification begins in? | The thrid month of gestation |
| Osteoblasts produce what? | Bone matrix |
| Cranial and facial bones are first made up of? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| Bone growth radiaties in which direction? | Outward |
| Why do fontanels remain at birth? | To permit compression of the infant skull during birth |
| By what age are fontanels calcified? | Age 2 |
| In a long bone, the first center of ossificaton is in the.. | Diaphysis |
| After birth a long bone grows at the.. | Epiphyseal discs |
| What side is the cartiliage produced on? | Epiphysis side |
| Bone replaces cartilage on the? | Diaphysis side |
| Osteoclasts form the marrow cavity by reabsorbing bone matrix where? | In the center of the diaphysis |
| The type of bone that is made of osteons is _________ bone. | Compact |
| The type of bone that is NOT made of osteons is _______ bone. | Spongy |
| Flat and irregular bones are made primarily of _________ bone. | Spongy |
| The shafts of long bones are made primarily of _________ bone. | Compact |
| Compact bone forms the _________ of a long bone. | Shaft; Diaphysis |
| Bone tissue is made of cells called ________, and non-living part is called the _________. | Osteocytes Matrix |
| Bone matrix is made primarily of salts of ______ and ________. | Calcium and Phosphorus |
| New bone matrix for growth is produced by cells called? | Osteoblasts |
| Reabsorption of bone matrix is the function of the cells is called? | Osetoclasts |
| The function of osteoblasts is to? | Produce bone matrix |
| The function of osteoclasts is to? | Reabsorb bone matrix |
| Red bone marrow produces? | RBCs, WBCs and Platelets |
| All of the kinds of blood cells are produced in the? | Red bone marrow |
| The primary hemopoietic tissue is? | Red bone marrow |
| The type of bone marrow that is found in the diaphysis of long bones is ______ marrow, which is mostly adipose tissue. | Yellow |
| The typw of bone marrow that is found in flat and irregular bones is ________ marrow. | Red bone |
| The embryonic cranial bones are first made of ___________ tissue. | Fibrous Connective |
| In the embryo, the cells that produce bone matrix are? | Osteoblasts |
| The fontanels of an infant skull are made of? | Fibrous Connective Tissue |
| Compression of a baby's head during birth is permitted by teh presence of __________ between the cranial bones. | Fontanels |
| The embryonic humerus and femus are both made of? | Cartilage |
| In an embryonic long bone, the first center of ossification is in the ____________, and secondary centers ar in the ____________. | Diaphysis Epiphyses |
| In a child's long bones, growth occurs at the ___________. | Epiphyseal Discs |
| On the epiphysis side of an epiphyseal disc, the process taking place is the? | Production of cartilage |
| On the diaphysis side of an epiphyseal dis, the process taking place is? | Replacement of cartilage by bone. |
| Long bones stop growing when all of their _________ has been replaced by __________. | Cartilage Bone |
| The inherited maximum height a child can attain is called the? | Genetic Potential |
| Calcium and phosphorus are nutrients necessary to become part of the bone _________. | Matrix |
| The nutrient neeeded for the absorbtion of calcium in the small intestine is what? | Vitamin D |
| Two vitamins necessary for the calcificatioin process in growing bones are what? | Vitamin A and Vitamin C |
| Protein in the diet is needed to form the __________ in the bone matrix of a growing child. | Collagen |
| The hormone that increases the reabsorbtion of calcium from the bones is? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| The hormone that decreases the reabsorbtion of calcium from the bones is? | Calcitonin |
| Calcium is needed in the blood for the process of.. | Clotting |
| The hormone in women that promotes closure of the epiphyseal discs is what? | Estrogen |
| The hormone in men that promotes closure of the epiphyseal discs is what? | Testosterone |
| The hormone that provides energy for bone growth from all three food types is? | Thyroxine |
| The hormone that provides energy for bone growth only from glucose is? | Insulin |
| The hormone that contributes to bone growth by increasing the rate of mitois is? | Growth Hormone |
| The hormone that contribute to bone growth by the rate of protein synthesis are _________ and ___________. | Thyroxine and Growth Hormone |
| Two hormones that provide ATP production needed for growing bones are? | Insulin and Thyroxine |
| One function of the occipital and parietal bones is the same in that they? | Protect the brain |
| The bone that protects the receptors for hearing is the? | Temporal bone |
| Two bones that protect the eye are the? | Frontal and Sphenoid; Maxilla; Lacrimal; Ethmoid; Zygomatic |
| The air cavities in the maxillae and frontal bones are called? | Paranasal Sinuses |
| Two bones that contain parnasal sinuses are? | Frontal and Maxilla; Sphenoid; or Ethmoid |
| The paranasal sinuses are lined with __________ epithelium. | Ciliated |
| The mastoid sinus is in the ___________ bone, and opens into the ___________ cavity. | Temporal Middle ear |
| The skull is made lighter in wheight by the presense of ____________________ in some of the bones. | Sinuses; air cavities |
| The sinus in the skull that does NOT provide resonance for the voice is the _________ sinus. | Mastoid |
| The heart and liver are protected from mechanical injury by the _________. | Rib Cage |
| The manubrium and xiphoid process are both parts of what? | Sternum |
| The parts of the sternum are ____________, the body and the _____________. | Manubrium Xiphoid Process |
| The ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are the ________, and there are _______ pairs. | True Ribs Seven |
| The ribs that articulate indirectly with the sternum are the _________, and there are ________ pairs. | False Ribs Three |
| The ribs that do not articulate with the sternum are called __________, and there are ______ pairs. | Floating Ribs Two |
| The rib cage with the muscles is directly involved in the function of the _________ system. | Respiratory |
| The vertebrae in the neck are called ________ vertebrae, and there are _________ of them. | Cervical Seven |
| The vertebrae posterior to the lungs are called ___________ vertebrae, and there are _______ of them. | Thoracic 12 |
| The vertebrae in the small of the back are called _____________ vertebrae, and there are ___________ of them. | Lumbar Five |
| The human spine has two sets of fused vertebrae; these are the __________ and the _________. | Sacrum and Coccyx |
| The sacrum is compsed of ________ fused vertebrae, and articulates with the _________. | Five Hip Bones |
| The vertebral column contains and protects the? | Spinal Cord |
| The vertebrae are separated and cushioned by _____ made of _________. | Discs Cartilage |
| The shoulder joint is formed by the _______ and __________. | Humerus and scapula |
| The hip joint is formed by the __________ and ____________. | Femur and hip bone |
| The shoulder and hip joints are similar in that both are _______________ joints. | Ball-and-Socket |
| The glenoid fossa and the acetabulum are both part of ____________ joint. | Ball-and-Socket |
| The type of joint that permits the greates range of movement is the _____________ joint. | Ball-and-Socket |
| The type of joint that does not permit movement is the _________. | Suture |
| The humerus and the ulna form a _______ joint. | Hinge |
| The femur and tibia form a _______ joint. | Hinge |
| The two pebic bones form a ________ joint. | Symphysis |
| The atlas and the axis for a ______ joint. | Pivot |
| The ulna and the radius for a _________ joint. | Pivot |
| The metacarpals of the thumb and the adjacent carpals form __________ joint. | Saddle |
| The parietal and temporal bones form a ________ joint. | sutrue |
| The mandible and temporal bone form a ___________ joint. | Condyloid |
| Gliding joints are found between _______, which are the bones of the wrist. | Carpals |
| A synovial joint is enclosed by the _____________, which is made of _____________ tissue. | Joint Capsule Fibrous Connective |
| In a synovial joint, the joint capsule is lined with the ___________, which produces ___________. | Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid |
| The function of synovial fluid is to? | Prevent friction |
| Preventing friction in a joint cavity is the function of what? | Synovial Fluid |
| The bone surfaces in a synovial joint are smooth beacuse of the presence of what? | Articular Cartilage |
| The function of a bursa in a joint is to permit the sliding of what? | Tendons |
| Of pivot, saddle and suture joints, the one that is not a synovial joint is the.. | Suture |
| Of condyloid, gliding, and symphysis joints, the one that is not a synovial joint is the.. | Symphysis |
| The structures that connect bone to bone are _____________, which are made of ______________ tissue. | Ligaments Fibrous Connective |
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