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Cells Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 5 characteristics of life. | Reproduction, One or More Cells, Respond to Environment/Maintain Homeostasis, Growth & Development, and Obtain & Use Energy |
| Explain the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. | Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus while Prokaryotic Cells don't. The DNA in eukaryotic cells is different from prokaryotic cells. |
| Name the parts of the bacteria cell. | DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, Flagellum or Cilia, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm. |
| What is a cell? | A cell is the smallest unit of organization of a living thing. |
| Explain the two types of cells. | Unicellular organisms are organisms with only one cell and multicellular organisms are organisms with more than one cell. |
| Give an example of cells. | A tree is full of functional cells but when the wood is cut off from the tree, the piece of wood will have cells that are no longer functional. |
| What does the plasma membrane do? | It surrounds the cell and separates it from its environment. |
| Define reproduction. | Reproduction is the production of offspring. |
| Name and define the two basic kinds of reproduction. | Sexual reproduction requires two cells to unite to produce the first cells of the new organism. Asexual is when a single organism can reproduce without needing another cell, for example they can divide themselves into two. |
| What is the difference between growth and development? | Growth is an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. Development is all of the changes that take place in an organism's life. |
| How is the growth of a living thing different from the growth of a nonliving thing? | The growth of a living thing is not forces, it happens by itself. The growth of a nonliving thing is forced. |
| Define energy. | Energy is the ability to make things change. |
| Why is energy important to a living organism? | Energy is important because it gives organisms the ability to maintain balance, grow, reproduce, and other functions. |
| What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? | Heterotrophs are organisms that get energy from the food they eat. Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from the sun to make their own food. |
| What are some environmental factors (stimuli) that organisms respond to? | Water, temperature, weather, air, other organisms, etc. |
| What are some internal factors that organisms respond to? | Level of water, nutrients, and minerals in their body. |
| Describe homeostasis. | Maintaing conditions suitable for the organism's life. |
| Organize the levels of organization of living things from simplest to most complex. | Nonliving: Atom, molecule, cell organelle. Living: Cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome. |
| Describe the function of the cell membrane. | The cell membrane controls the movement into and out of the cell. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | Watery material which contains many of the materials involved in cell metabolism. |
| What is endoplasmic reticulum? | Serves as a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell. It is also a system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are. |
| Describe the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. | The rough ER is covered in ribosomes and is usually found near the nucleus. The ER delivers the proteins throughout the cel.. The smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell. |
| What are ribosomes? | Ribosomes are organelles that make proteins. The site of protein synthesis. |
| What is the mitochondria? | It is the "powerhouse" of the cell. It breaks down sugar to produce energy. It is the site of cellular respiration and produces ATP. |
| What is the nucleus? | It is a large organelle that contains the cell's DNA. The control center for cell metabolism and reproduction. |
| What are nuclear pores? | Controls movement into and out of the nucleus. |
| What is the nucleolus? | Site of production of ribosomes. |
| What is the golgi apparatus? | It packages and secretes the products (proteins) of the cell. |
| What are centrioles? | Involved in cell division in animal cells. |
| What are lysosomes? | They are involved in the digestion of food within the cell. They contain digestive enzymes. They destroy damaged or worn-out organelles and get rid of waste materials. |
| What are chloroplasts? | Site of photosynthesis. Uses energy of sunlight to make food. |
| What is a vesicle? | A small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell. |
| What is the function of a cell wall? | Gives the cell its shape and provides protection and is not found in animal cells. |
| What is the difference between the flagellum and cilia? | The flagellum is a long, hairlike structure used for movement and the cilia is a hairlike structure with the capacity for movement. |
| What is a vacuole? | Fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane that contains stored food or wastes. |
| Explain diffusion. | The movement of particles from a higher density to a lower density. |
| Explain osmosis. | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. |
| Describe what happens in osmosis. | The water molecules move to where they are less concentrated. |
| Why is osmosis important to cell functions. | The concentration of particles is kept in balance by osmosis. |
| Describe what would happen if you put red blood cells into a salty solution. | The concentration of water molecules inside the cell is higher than the concentration of water molecules outside the cell. This makes water move out of the cells which causes the cells to shrivel. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. Usually high to low concentration. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances across the cell membrane with the use of energy. Usually low to high concentration. |
| Explain endocytosis and exocytosis. | In endocytosis, a cell membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it in a vesicle and brings it into the cell. In exocytosis, the particle is enclosed in a vesicle and is then released out of the cell. |
| Describe photosynthesis. | Process in which plants are able to change the sun's energy into food. |
| Where does almost all of the energy that fuels life come from? | The sun. |
| What are pigments? | The molecules in plant cells that absorb light energy. |
| How do plants get their green color? | From chlorophyll. |
| What is glucose? | Glucose is a simple sugar that is the plant's food. |
| Explain why glucose is important to a plant cell. | It converts the sun's energy to a type of energy that can be stored. |
| What does photosynthesis produce? | Glucose and oxygen. |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | 6H^2O + 6CO^2 + light energy = 6O^2 + C^6 H^12 O^6 |
| Why do cells use cellular respiration? | To break down food by using oxygen. |
| What is fermentation? | Breaking down of food without using oxygen. |
| Why is breathing important to many organisms? | Breathing supplies the oxygen need and gets rid of carbon dioxide. |
| Describe what takes places during cellular respiration. | Food(like glucose) is broken down into CO^2 and H^2O and then energy is released. |
| What does your body do with the energy released during cellular respiration. | It is used to maintain body temperature and form ATP. |
| What does ATP stand for and what is its function? | Adenosine triphosphate supplies energy that fuels cell activities. |
| Where does cellular respiration take place? | Mitochondria. |
| Where does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast. |
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? | C^6 H^12 O^6 + 6C^2 = ATP + 6CO^2 + 6H^2O |
| During photosynthesis, plant cells use carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen. How is this different from cellular respiration? | In respiration oxygen is used to make glucose while carbon dioxide is released. The processes are flipped. |
| Why do you get a burning sensation in your muscles during strenuous exercise? | Muscle cells can't get the oxygen they need for cellular respiration so they use fermentation. One kind happens in your muscles and makes lactic acid that creates the burning sensation. |
| What is another kind of fermentation? | Bacteria and yeast. |
| How does the process of fermentation help bread rise. | The bubbles from carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise. |
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