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Bio100 Exam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the smallest particle of life? | An Atom |
| What is more than one atom bound together? | A Molecule |
| Large molecules such as nucleic acid, DNA, and RNA are what? | Macromolecules |
| What is the smallest structure capable of performing all characteristics of life? | The Cell |
| What is a group of cells? | Tissue |
| What are the four types of tissue? | Nervous, Muscular, Connective, and Epithelial |
| What are organs made out of? | Tissue |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Sensing and responding to the environment, having the capacity to grow, develop, reproduce, evolve, and to capture and use energy and raw materials |
| What are the reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce? | Metabolism |
| What is the transfer of energy from one organism to the next? | Energy Flow |
| Energy flow is ____ way and gives of _____ every step of the way. | One, Heat |
| What kind of organisms make their own food? | Producers |
| What kind or organisms depend on energy stored in the tissues of producers? | Consumers |
| What type of organisms break down remains and wastes? | Decomposers |
| What do you call the group that is the standard for comparison in an experiment? | The Control Group |
| What do you call the experimental group? | The Variable |
| How many domains are there and what are they? | There are 3: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| What is the large number of living species that are not extinct? | Diversity of Life |
| How many kingdoms are there and what are they? | 6: Archaea, Protista, Bacteria, Fungi, Plant, Animal |
| What domain do humans belong to? | Eukarya |
| What kingdom do humans belong to? | Animalia |
| What phylum do humans belong to? | Chordata |
| What class do humans belong to? | Mammalia |
| What order do humans belong to? | Primates |
| What family do humans belong to? | Hominidae |
| What genus do humans belong to? | Homo |
| What species do humans belong to? | sapiens |
| What is a hypothesis that has been tested many times? | A Theory |
| What is supported over time and explain a broad range of scientific facts with high degree of reliability? | A Scientific Theory |
| What four theories unify biology? | The Cell Theory, The Gene Theory, The Theory of Heredity, and The Theory of Evolution |
| The organiztion of life is explained by what Theory? | The Cell Theory |
| What is the smallest particle of life? | An Atom |
| What do you call more than one atom together? | A Molecule |
| Large molecules such as nucleic, DNA, and RNA are what? | Macromolecules |
| What is the smallest structure capable of performing all characteristics of life? | The Cell |
| What is a group of cells? | Tissue |
| What are the four types of tissue? | Nervous, Muscular, Connective, and Epithelial |
| What are organs made out of? | Tissue |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Sensing and responding to the environment, having the capacity to grow, develop, reproduce, evolve, and to capture and use energy and raw materials |
| What are the reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce? | Metabolism |
| What is the transfer of energy from one organism to the next? | Energy Flow |
| Energy flow is ____ way and gives of _____ every step of the way. | One, Heat |
| What kind of organisms make their own food? | Producers |
| What kind or organisms depend on energy stored in the tissues of producers? | Consumers |
| What type of organisms break down remains and wastes? | Decomposers |
| What do you call the group that is the standard for comparison in an experiment? | The Control Group |
| What do you call the experimental group? | The Variable |
| How many domains are there and what are they? | There are 3: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| What is the large number of living species that are not extinct? | Diversity of Life |
| How many kingdoms are there and what are they? | 6: Archaea, Protista, Bacteria, Fungi, Plant, Animal |
| What domain do humans belong to? | Eukarya |
| What kingdom do humans belong to? | Animalia |
| What phylum do humans belong to? | Chordata |
| What class do humans belong to? | Mammalia |
| What order do humans belong to? | Primates |
| What family do humans belong to? | Hominidae |
| What genus do humans belong to? | Homo |
| What species do humans belong to? | sapiens |
| What is a hypothesis that has been tested many times? | A Theory |
| What is supported over time and explain a broad range of scientific facts with high degree of reliability? | A Scientific Theory |
| What four theories unify biology? | The Cell Theory, The Gene Theory, The Theory of Heredity, and The Theory of Evolution |
| The organiztion of life is explained by what Theory? | Cell Theory |
| The molecular basis of inheritance is explained by what Theory? | Gene Theory |
| The unity of life is explained by what Theory? | The Theory of Heredity |
| The diversity of life is explained by what Theory? | The Theory of Evolution |
| Who observed cells in cork in 1665 using only a 10x magnification and called them cells? | Robert Hooke |
| Who saw 'animalcules' in rain water, looked at sperm, red blood cells, and insect eggs, and helps proved that there was no such thing as spontaneous generation? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| What is the cell theory? | 1. Every organism is made of cells 2. Cell is smallest unit of life 3. Cells rise from preexisting cells |
| When it comes to the speed of reactions what ratio is important? | The Surface Area to Volume Ratio |
| What is resolution? | The ability to recognize two objects as two objects. |
| What type of microscopy has great detail, is black and white, and can be seen through? | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
| What microscopy is three dimensional, and is a picture of the surface area? | Scanning Electron Microscopy |
| What are Prokaryotic cells? | Cells that do not membrane-bound organelles or DNA enclosed in nucleus |
| What kingdoms belong to Prokaryotic cells? | Archaea, Bacteria |
| What is the direct connection between two cells in bacteria? | a pili (or pilus) |
| What characteristic of bacteria let them stick to your lungs? | The Capsule |
| What is a Eukaryotic cell? | A cell with membrane bound organelles. |
| What kingdoms are associated with Eukaryotic cells? | Plant, Animal, Protista, Fungi |
| What is the plasma membrane made of? | A lipid bi-layer |
| What is a lipid bi-layer? | Two layers of phospholipids, that are hydrophillic on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside. |
| What provides rigidity and helps hold together the plasma membrane? | Cholesterol |
| What type of protein lets things move into and out of the cell? | Channel Protein |
| What type of protein knows where the cell is? | Recognition Protein |
| What type of protein moves things around within the cell? | Carrier Protein |
| What type of protein reads symbols? | Receptor Protein |
| The plasma membrane is _____ permeable? | selectively |
| What is the outer defining limit of the cell and organelles and regulates what goes into and out of the cell? | Plasma Membrane |
| What is diffusion? | The transport across a membrane from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration. |
| What affects the speed of diffusion? | Molecular Size and Shape |
| What is the Brownian movement? | Random, constant movement of atoms |
| What do you call a low solute concentration? | Hypotonic |
| What do you call a high solute concentration? | Hypertonic |
| What do you call en equal solute concentration? | Isotonic |
| What requires a carrier protein to take a large molecule through a semi permeable membrane? | Facilitated Diffusion |
| What requires energy and a protein and moves against a concentration gradient? | Active Transport |
| What percent of ATP do we use to run the sodium/potassium pump? | 20% |
| What is the process of engulfing something into a cell? | Endocytosis |
| What is the process of tossing something out of the cell? | Exocytosis |
| What is cytosol composed of? | Mostly water, but also soluble components |
| What organelle separates DNA from the rest of the cell? | The Nucleus |
| The nucear membrane has _____ that doesn't let DNA out of the nucleus. | Pores |
| What is the concentration of DNA in a nucleus? | The Nucleolus |
| What is Chromatin? | DNA |
| What is continuous with the nuclear membrane and like a highway of the cell? | The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What has ribosomes on it's surface and are mostly in cells that specialize in secreting proteins? | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What are attached to the Rough ER and produce proteins? | Ribosomes |
| What are ribosomes that are free floating in the cytoplasm? | Polysomes |
| What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum do? | It produces lipids and transports proteins from the Rough ER and to the Golgi Bodies. |
| What processes proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER and package them for shipment in vesicles? | Golgi Bodies |
| _______ are membranous sacs that carry things from the Golgi Bodies to other parts of the cell. | Vesicles |
| What is a group of related organelles? | Cytomembrane System |
| In what organelle are biological molecules produced and stored and also sorts and shifts products to various locations? | Vesicles |
| Vesicles move products _____ the cell and _______ them from the cell. | within, export |
| What does 'Lyso' mean? What does 'somes' mean? Lysosomes? | break apart, body Lysosomes digest whole cells or cell parts. |
| Autophagy | self-eating |
| autolysis | Auto means self, lysis means break apart -happens in babies(webbed fingers) and tadpoles(tail to feet) |
| What does a Lysosome do? | Eats old Mitochondria Destroy Bacteria |
| Where is a lysosome made? | In the Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What detoxifies substances and disarms free radicals? | Peroxisomes |
| What has a double membrane system that forms two compartments where aerobic respiration takes place? | Mitochondria |
| What is the basis for the cell shape in Eukaryotic cells that allows cells and the organelles within to move? | Cytoskeleton |
| What do centrioles form and where do they generally stay in relationship to the other organelles in the cell? | -Spindle Fiber necessary for Mitosis, Cilia, and Flagella -By the nucleus |
| What are the hair like things that help the cell move? | Cilia |
| What is the tail part of a sperm called and what does it do? | Flagella and it helps it "swim" |
| What forces water out of the cell? by what process? | Contractile Vacuoles Osmosis |
| What kind of animal cell junction holds cells together? | Tight Junction |
| What kind of animal cell junction allows you to bend? | Adhering Junction |
| What kind of animal cell junction is a hole between two cells? | Gap Junction |
| What organelle converts sunlight energy into sugar? | Chloroplasts |
| What is the fluid-filled organelle in plant cells? | Central Vacuole |
| Chromoplasts have an abundance of what kind of pigment? | Carotenoids |
| What kind of pigment has no pigmentation, store starch, and is found in potatoes? | Amyloplasts |
| What is the term for the theory that mitochondria possibly evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed but not digested? | Endosymbiosis |
| What is the capacity to do work or put an object in motion? | Energy |
| What is kinetic energy? | The energy of motion |
| What is potential energy? | Stored energy |
| What forms of energy are directly utilized by the body? | Chemical and Electrical |
| What forms of energy are indirectly utilized by the body? | Mechanical and Radiant |
| How is energy used? | It is converted from one form to another |
| What is the term for going towards disorder? | entropy |
| Disorder happens spontaneously, where organization takes ______. | energy |
| What is an example of electrical energy in the human body? | Muscles, Nerves |
| What is an enzyme? What does it do? Made of? | Biological Catalyst Reduces activation energy Proteins |
| Amylase is an enzyme that only works on ______. | Starch |
| Enzymes are affected by what four factors? | pH, temperature, oxidizing substances, and heavy metals |
| What is Adenosine triphosphate? | ATP, the energy currency of the cell |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Glucose + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
| What is aerobic respiration utilized for? | Chemical Biosynthesis, Muscle Contraction, Nerve Impulses, and Active Transport |
| Anaerobic pathways begin with _____, are completed in the______, and ___ require oxygen. | Glycolysis Cytoplasm Does NOT |
| Aerobic pathways start with _______, is completed in the ______, and requires _______. | Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm Mitochondria Oxygen |
| Glycolysis starts with ____, uses __ ATP to make a 6-carbon diphosphate, broken into 2 3-carbon sugar phosphates, then ____ takes a(n) ___ from each side making 2 _________. | Glucose 2 NAD H(or Hydrogen) Pyruvates |
| How much ATP does Glycolysis result in? What else does it result in? | 2 net, 4 gross(used 2) NADH and 2 pyruvates |
| What does NADH do? | Carries Hydrogen Molecules |
| What is pyruvate composed of? | 3 Carbon Molecules |
| What happens during the step between Glycolysis and The Krebs Cycle? | Pyruvate forms Acetyl-CoA NAD takes a Hydrogen Molecule CO2 is byproduct |
| How many times does the Krebs Cycle turn with each Glucose Molecule? How much ATP was formed? | 2 4(2 during glycolysis) |
| Krebs Cycle starts with ________ which binds to the beginning molecule. 2 ___ are released and Hydrogen and electrons are picked up by ___ and ___ and ATP is formed. | Acetyl CoA CO2 FAD NAD |
| In the electron transport system ___ and ___ are utilized and the electrons are passed through ______, ______ are moved across the membrane, and _______ produces ATP, and 02 uses H to make _____. | NADH FADH2 Cytochromes Hydrogens ATP Synthase H20 |
| How much ATP is produced in electron transport system? | 32 |
| Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? | Anaerobic |
| Where does Lactate Fermentation take place? | In Muscles |
| Where does Alcoholic Fermentation take place? | In Fungi and Bacteria Beer, Wine, Bread Making |
| What is produced during Alcoholic Fermentation? | CO2 and Ethanol |
| What are the four mechanisms of energy use? | ATP, Creatine Phosphate, Glycolytic Energy System, Oxidative Energy System |
| What does creatine phosphate do? | Transfers phosphates to make ATP |
| What is the Glycolytic Energy System and is it anaerobic or aerobic? | Glycolysis, the break down of glucose Anaerobic |
| Which mechanism of energy use produces the most amount of energy? | Oxidative Energy System |
| What is the photosynthesis equation? | CO2 + H20 -sun-> C6H12O6 + H20 + O2 |
| What is the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O in the presence of chlorophyll using light energy? | Photosynthesis |
| What is an autotrophic organism? | Self-Feeding (Plants, Bacteria) |
| What is Glucose + Oxygen + Water---> CO2 + H2O? | Aerobic Respiration |
| What is a heterotrophic organism? | One that eats autotrophic organisms. |
| Chloroplasts have __ membranes. | 2 |
| What are the stack of coin looking organelles called? | Thylakoids |
| What is inside the Thylakoids of a plant cell? | chlorophyll |
| What is determined by the reflection and absorption of light? | Color |
| The spectrum of wavelengths varies from short(______) to long(______). | Gamma Rays Radio Waves |
| What is NAD when it is in plants? | NADP |
| Light Dependent Pathway produces __ and __, and hydrogen and electrons are picked up by ____. | Oxygen ATP NADP |
| The Calvin-Benson Cycle is a Light Dependent Pathway or Light Independent Pathway? | Light Independent Pathway |
| What does the Calvin-Benson Cycle Produce from CO2? | Sugar. (Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose) |
| In the Calvin Cycle, ___ is attached to a carrier compound, energy is donated by ___, Hydrogen and Electrons by ______. | CO2 ATP NADPH |
| How many times does the Calvin Cycle turn for one Glucose Molecule and why? | 6. There are 6 Carbons. |
| What organelle does aerobic respiration take place in? | Mitochondria |
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rileyenlow
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