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Human Growth & Dev1
chapter 1 & 2 terms from "lifespan development" textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present. | dominant trait |
| the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function. | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm are placed directly into a woman's vagina by a physician. | artificial insemination |
| the study of the effects of heredity on behavior | behavioral genetics |
| a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal (sometimes known as a c-section) | cesarean delivery |
| rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs. | chromosomes |
| twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. | dizygotic twins |
| a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism | Down Syndrome |
| the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which the significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems. | embryonic stage |
| an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass. | episiotomy |
| the process by which a sperm and an ovum-the male and female gametes, respectively join to form a single new cell | fertilization |
| a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
| a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor. | fetal monitor |
| the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth. | fetal stage |
| a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth. | fetus |
| a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation. | Fragile X syndrome |
| the basic unit of genetic information | Genes |
| the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders. | genetic counseling |
| the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism. | genotype |
| the first and the shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception. | germinal stage |
| inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait. | heterozygous |
| inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait. | homozygous |
| death within the first year of life. | infant mortality |
| the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant. | infertility |
| infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth. | low-birthweight infants |
| twins who are genetically identical. | monozygotic twins |
| an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen | phenotype |
| a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord. | placenta |
| inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait. | polygenic inheritance |
| infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date. | postmature infants |
| infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants) | preterm infants |
| a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed. | recessive trait |
| a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it. | sickle-cell anemia |
| infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age. | small-for-gestational-age infants |
| the delivery of a child who is not alive, occuring in less than 1 delivery in 100. | stillbirth |
| a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment. | Tay-Sachs disease |
| patterns of arousal and emotionality that represents consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual. | temperament |
| an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect. | teratogen |
| a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed | ultrasound sonography |
| infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 lbs) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks. | very-low-birthweight infants |
| genes that are considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome. | X-linked genes |
| the new cell formed by the process of fertilization. | Zygote |
| a group of people born at around the same time in the same place | cohort |
| gradual development with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels | continuous change |
| development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages. | discontinuous change |
| biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised. | age-graded influences |
| research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. | applied research |
| a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors, and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. | behavior modification |
| the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals. | bioecological approach |
| studies that involve extensive in depth interviews with a particular individual or a small group of individuals. | case studies |
| a type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response | classical conditioning |
| development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior. | cognitive development |
| approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes. | cognitive neuroscience approaches |
| the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds. | contexual perspective |
| research that seeks to identify whether an association or a relationship between two factors exists. | correlational research |
| a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally. | critical period |
| research of which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time. | cross-sectional research |
| the variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. | dependent variable |
| the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. | evolutionary perspective |
| a process in which an investigator called an experimenter devises two different experiences for subjects or participants. | experiment |
| a research investigation carried out in a naturally occuring setting. | field study |
| the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and to control their behavior. | humanistic perspective |
| a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. | hypothesis |
| the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment. | independent variable |
| models that seek to identify the way individuals take in, use and store information. | information-processing approaches |
| a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting, explicitly designed to hold events constant. | laboratory study |
| the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span | lifespan development |
| research of which behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age. | longitudinal research |
| the pre-determined unfolding of genetic information | maturation |
| the type of correlation study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation. | naturalistic observation |
| a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by it's association with positive or negative consequences. | operant conditioning |
| development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span. | personality development |
| development involving the body's physical makeup, icluding the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep | physical development |
| the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. | psychoanalytic theory |
| approaches that focus on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior. | psychophysiological methods |
| according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part | pyschosexual development |
| the group of participants chosen for the experiment. | sample |
| the process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques, that include systematic, orderly observation in the collection of data. | scientific method |
| a point in development when organisms are particulary susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. | sensitive period |
| research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time. | sequential studies |
| the way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain the stable over the course of life. | social development |
| learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model. | social-cognitive learning theory |
| the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. | sociocultural theory |
| the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowlege and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowlege and understanding of ourselves as members of society | psychosocial development |
| a type of study in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked question s about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic. | survey research |
| research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. | theoretical research |
| broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest. 2. explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interests, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. | theories |
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biorhythm
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