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G&D chapter 7
Toddlerhood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The growth rate of the toddler is | slow and steady |
| Toddler age | 1 to 3 |
| Toddlers grow an average of | 3 inches per year |
| Toddlers gain an average of | 4-6 pounds per year |
| 2 year old appearance | potbellied, with exaggerated lumbar curve known as lordosis |
| 3 year old appearance | taller, slender and stronger abdomen muscles |
| How many teeth can a 2 ½ year old have | 20 |
| Teeth care for 2 ½ year old | should brush teeth twice a day under parental supervision |
| bone fracture in which the bone is angulated beyond the limits of normal bending | greenstick fracture |
| when large objects are placed at a distance of 6 feet, a toddler’s vision may be | 20/40 |
| amblyopia | lazy eye, untreated can lead to blindness |
| Strabismus | crossing of the eyes, if persistent seek medical attention |
| Hearing in the toddler is | fully developed |
| What connects the middle ear to the oral pharynx? | eustachian tube |
| How does the Eustachian tube differ in toddlers vs adults? | shorter and wider, causes more frequent ear infections |
| Normal vital signs in the toddler | T:98-99; HR:90-120; R:20-30; BP:99/64 |
| What do gross motor skills depend on? | growth and maturation of the muscles, bones, and nerves |
| What gross motor skills can a two year old do? | climb stairs alone using two feet on each step, run with a wide stance and kick a large ball |
| By when is right or left hand dominance evident | 15 months |
| What is included in fine motor skills? | self-feeding, dressing and playing (can hold a crayon with fingers instead of fist) |
| Toilet training depends on | a certain degree of maturity in the muscles including sphincter control and maturation |
| Toddler learns what first in elimination needs? | bowel control before bladder control |
| If accidents happen in elimination what should you do? | use matter of fact attitude without punishment to help build self esteem |
| Autonomy and the toddler | major psychosocial task of the toddler according to Erickson's theory |
| What do toddlers often develop as they learn independence? | conflicting emotions of ambivalence |
| Why do toddlers need discipline? | toddlers do not have enough information to understand right and wrong behavior |
| How to discipline toddler? | use a simple no followed by diversion, be constant and reinforce limitations |
| What to do with a temper tantrum | insure safety of child and leave room. Also use time outs. |
| How to do a time out | child is removed from the center of activity to a quiet place, use immediately and only for a few minutes, then talk about the events of the conflict |
| How to deal with separation anxiety in toddlers | be honest about leaving child and say when you will come back |
| How can you detect sibling rivalry and what to do | may see angry outbursts or regression, plan time alone with the child |
| Object permanence refers to | the understanding that things will not disappear even if they cannot be seen |
| Cognitive development in the toddler | continues to develop by trial and error, responds to the total situation rather than to a part. |
| Toddler worldview | egocentric |
| Toddler and time | toddler cannot understand it, avoid use of words tomorrow or yesterday, use a familiar event to relate to time |
| Toddler and morality | moral values based on their parents’ moral codes, parents teach children right and wrong |
| What reinforces moral decisions? | repeated instructions and consistency |
| Eating habits influenced by | parents and siblings |
| Toddler calorie needs | 1300 calories a day |
| Toddler preferances | plain foods instead of mixtures |
| Toddlers and meals | will develop ritualistic behavior in relation to eating |
| Meal planning | plan same meal times and three small meals with snacks |
| What can refusal to eat be | attention seeking behavior, it is best to ignore |
| Bedtime | should become a ritual |
| Factors that can produce sleep disturbance | fear of separation, illness, curiosity |
| Toddlers and play time | major means to explore and understand the world around them |
| Nonsymbolic play | demonstrated when the child squeezes a small ball |
| Symbolic play | the emergence of make believe or pretend |
| What ages most often engage in symbolic play | between ages 2- 4 |
| What does symbolic play help with | explore different possibilities, control aggression and pretend |
| Most toddlers prefer what type of play | parallel play |
| Leading cause of death in toddlers | accidents |
| Toddlers and recognition of danger | incapable of recognizing danger or threat to their safety; need constant supervision |
| Death ranking | burns rank 2nd to MV accidents |
| Other concerns in toddler safety | choking and drowning |
| Regular physical exams at what ages | 18, 24, and 36 months |
| Signs of physical abuse | bruises, welts, multiple fractures at different stages of healing, lacerations or tears, cigarette or immersion burns, head injuries |
| Signs of sexual abuse | swollen, blackened eyes, difficulty walking or sitting, bruises or bleeding from genitalia, recurrent UTI’s |
| Psychological/affective abuse | excessive anger, aggression, poor peer relationships, negativism, loss of pleasure, low self-esteem, lack of trust, developmental delays, withdrawn behavior, regression |
Created by:
laotracuata
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