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Embryology
Cardiovascular System 1
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| Angioblasts condense to form angioblastic cords. Where are these cords derived from? | The angioblastic cords are derived from the splanchnic mesoderm |
| What developes into the endothelial lining of the heart? | The endocardial heart tubes |
| Where are the endocardial heart tubes in relation to the prechordal plate? | The endocardial heart tubes are initially anterior to the prechordal plate, then fold to ventral portion of thorax |
| what surrounds the endocardial tube? | The primordial myocardium surrounds the endocardial tube. It is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm, and becomes the myocardium. |
| What are the early divisions of the heart? | (cranial) truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrioventricular/AV canal, atrium, sinus venosus (caudal) |
| What holds the truncus arteriosus in place? | the truncus arteriosus is held in place by "pharyngeal arches", and is continuous cranially w/ the aortic sac |
| Which part of the bulbus cordis forms the exit tracts of both ventricles? | The distal portion of the bulbus cordis, aka "conus cordis" |
| Which portion of the bulbus cordis bulges to form most of the R ventricle? | the proximal portion (trabeculated) |
| Which division of the early heart forms the L ventricle? | The ventricle division |
| Which division of the early heart stays constricted through developement/never dilates? | the Atrioventricular canal (AV valves) |
| From which division of the early heart are the L/R atria formed? | Uhhhh....the Atrium division? |
| This division of the early heart recieves blood and is held in place by the "septum transversum" | The sinus venosus, which also developes R/L horns |
| From which Atrium does the sinus venosus extend? | The sinus venosus extends from the R atrium |
| Which divisions of the early heart grow rapidly to cause the "bulboventricular loop"? | The bulbus cordis and the ventricle divisions grow the length faster than the space allowed, causing folding. The Atrium and Sinus Venosus end up in a dorsal position. |
| What divides the AV canal into L/R? | "endocardial cushions" from dorsal/ventral walls |
| how many septa partition the Atrium? | Two, the septum primum (from roof of atrium), and the septum secundum (R of primum). |
| This atrial septum has two foramen: | The ostium(foramen) primum and secundum are found in the septum primum. The ostium primum will dissapear with growth, while the ostium secundum is formed by apoptosis |
| what is the name of the foramen through the septum secundum? | the foramen ovale, which is not in line with the ostium secundum, but will open a passage with pressure. |
| Which horn of the sinus venosus receives blood from the head/neck (sup. vena cava) and the placenta/caudal regions (inf vena cava)? | The right horn of the sinus venosus recieves blood |
| As the R horn of the sinus venosus incoorporates into the atrial wall, what is the name given to the smooth part of the wall formed? | the Sinus Venarum becomes the smooth part of the wall of the R atrium |
| What is the name of the junction between the sinus venosus and the primordial atrium? | the crista terminalis |
| What does the left horn of the sinus venosus become? | the L horn of the sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus |
| If the R atrium receives blood from the sup/inf vena cava, what blood vessels incorporate into the L atrium? | 4 primordial pulmonary veins incorporate into the L atrium |
| What is the anatomy of the primordial interventricular septum? | it is a muscular ridge, w/ a membranous/thin section, extending as a midline from the apex to seperate the ventricles. |
| how do the ventricular walls lateral to the septum dilate? | through apoptosis and proliferation |
| what two objects close the interventricular foramen? | the bulbar ridges of the bulbis cordis(these spiral), and the endocardial cushions |
| where do the L/R ventricles open to? | R ventricle opens to pulmonary trunk, L to aorta |
| Bulbar and truncul ridges help to parition the bulbus cordis and the truncus arteriosus. What are these ridges derived from? | The bulbar and truncual ridges are derived from the neural crest |
| As the bulbar/truncal ridges spiral 180 degrees, what septum do they form? | the spiraling ridges form the "spiral aorticopulmonary septum", which separates the aorta and the pulmonary trunk |
| What atrial septal defect occurs through failure of the septum primum/secundum to form? | Common atrium |
| where is "patent foramen ovale" located? | it is a defect of the ostium secundum due to faulty septum primum/secundum. Patent = open |
| what causes "ostium primum defects, and what is the result? | ostium primum defects are caused by incomplete fusion of endocardial cushions. This causes a patent foramen primum and a cleft in the AV valve |
| which ventricular septal defect is the most common? | defect in the membranous ventricular septum is most commmon |
| what is the result of a muscular ventricular septal defect? | multiple small openenings caused by excess cavitation(apoptosis?) during wall formation |
| what is the name for a common vessel draining the heart, and supplying systemic/pulmonary/coronary circulation? | this is persistent truncus arteriosus, caused by failure of the truncul ridges/aorticopulmonary septum formation |
| what ALWAYS accompanies persistent truncus arteriosus? | a ventricular septal defect |
| what is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease? | transposition of the great vessels, which may be due to a failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral in formation, causing loops in blood flow |
| what other defects accompany transposition of the great vessels? | atrial septal defects, and open ductus arteriosus, allowing o2 delivery to systemic circulation |
| What is the result of unequal division of the truncus arteriosus? | IV septal defect/faulty partitioning of the ventricles may include stenosis of the valves |
| How does pulmonary valve stenosis affect the R ventricle? | the R ventricle hypertrophies, because it is trying to push more blood through a smaller vessel. |
| what is the most common abnormality in the conotruncal region? | Tetralogy of Fallot Tetra = Four |
| What are the four defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot? | pulmonary stenosis (narrow valve), ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta (oversized, can collect blood from both V's), and right ventricular hypertrophy |
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