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Microbiology set 5
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | total of all chemical reactions in the cell |
| what are the two types of metabolism | Catabolism and Anabolism |
| Anabolism | building things up requiring energy to do so builds ATP from ADP +Pi |
| Catabolism | breaking things down gets energy breaks down ATP to ADP and Pi |
| does every organism do this? | yes |
| what type of reactions are anabolism | aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermintation phototrophy chemolithotrophy |
| what types of reactions are considered catabolism | chemical work transport work mechanical work |
| what do enzymes do ? | carry out reactions and speed up the rate |
| activation energy | energy required to form transitionstate complex |
| how do enzymes speed up the reaction? | by lowering the activation energy |
| what impacts enzyme activty | substrate concentration pH Temperature |
| competitive inhibitor | directly compete with binding of substrate to active site |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | binds enzyme at site other than active site changes enzyme shape so that it becomes less active |
| if we have a constant amount of inhibitor and then start introducing the substrate, what happen is the enzyme is a COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR? | becomes out competed and the substrate takes over |
| if we have a constant amount of inhibitor and then start introducing the substrate, what happen is the enzyme is a NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR? | nothing because there is a shape change which doesn't allow the substrate to bind. It can not be over came. |
| does the competitive inhibitor bind to the same place? | yes |
| does the noncompetitive inhibitor bond to the same place | yes as long as it is not the activation site |
| what is the other molecule that can catalyze reactions | RNA molecules |
| what type of reaction does RNA molecules catalyze | peptide bond formation self-splicing involved in self-replication |
| what are the three major mechanisms of metabolic regulation | metabolic channeling enzyme synthesis stimulation or inhibition of a certain enzyme |
| what are the two ways that regualtion of enzyme syntheisis | transcriptional and translational |
| what is the way that stimulation and inhibition of an enzyme is regulates. | post-translational |
| two important reversible control measure in regards to post-translational regulation | allosteric regulation and covalent modification |
| allosteric regulation | binds non-covalently at regulatory site changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site **positive effector increases enzyme activity **negative effector inhibits the enzyme |
| end products | regulate its own branch of the pathway and inital pacemaker enzyme |
| isoenzymes | different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction |
| Electron transport chain (ETC) | electron carriers organized into ETC with the first electron carrier having the most negative E’o |
| as a result the _________________ stored in first ___________ is released and used to form ______ | 1. potential energy 2. redox couple 3. ATP |
| how are the electrons carried through the ETC | first carrie is reduced and electrons moved to the next carrir and so on |
| where are the ETCs in bacteria and archaeal located | in the plasma membrane |
| why are the ETCs of bacteria and archaeal different from the mitochondrial ETCs | different electron carriers may be branched (they can utilize different molecules to get different results) may be shorter may have lower P/O ratio |
| how can you get a proton motive force | electron donors allow for electron transport or light which powers photosynthesis |
| what does the proton motive force send its energy to | the catabolic and anabolic reation bacterial flagella rotation active transport |
| anaerobic respiration | uses electron carries other than O2 |
| why does anaerobic respiration give off less energy | because Electron charge of electron acceptor is less positive than Electron charge of O2 |
| Glycolysis yields pyruvate then... | from pyruvate can you get all types of different reactions and molecules |
| what are the RNA enzymes called | Ribozymes |
| protease | breaks down proteins to amino acids |
| deamination | breaks down amino acids by taking away the amino group |
| what are the three major groups of chemolithotrophs that have ecological importance | oxidize hydrogen sulfur-oxidizing nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrate |
| phototrophy | energy from light trapped and converted to chemical energu |
| what are the two types of phototrophy | light reactions dark reactions |
| light reactions | which light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy |
| dark reaction | which the energy produced in the light reactions is used to redice CO2 and synthesize cell constituents |
| when can the light and dark reactions happen | light: only in light conditions dark: light or dark conditions |
| can you draw the chlorophyll-based phtotrophy reaction? | yes: good job no: do you wan to graduate |
| can you draw the Rhodopsin-based phototrophy | yes: great you are graduating no: you are not going to graduate |
| what structures synthesize macromolcules | monomers |
Created by:
kort
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