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Change Over Time
Theory of Evolution for Life on Earth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The earth's time is divided into how many eras? | 4 |
| What is the earliest era called? | Precambrian |
| Paleozoic time occurred when? | 540 mya to 245 mya |
| Mesozoic time occurred when? | 245 mya to 66 mya |
| Cenozoic time occurred when? | 66 mya to present day |
| When did Precambrian time occur? | 4.6 bya to 540 mya |
| Eras are divided into what? | Periods |
| What organisms were common during Precambrian time? | Bacteria |
| The oldest fossils on the earth are dated to when? | 3.5 BY old |
| Prokaryotes led to what type of organisms by the end of the Precambrian time? | Eukaryotes |
| What are eukaryotic organisms? | Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus or mitochondrion. |
| What organisms were common during the Paleozoic era? | Invertebrates, fish, mosses & ferns |
| What ended the Paleozoic era? | a mass extinction |
| What organisms arose during the Mesozoic era? | Dinosaurs, reptiles, early birds, conifers & first mammals |
| What ended the Mesozoic era? | a mass extinction |
| What organisms arose during the Cenozoic era? | Mammals, primates, flowering plants & humans |
| What is the definition for fossils? | Evidence of an organism that lived long ago. |
| What are trace fossils? | Markings left by an animal such as footprints, trails, or burrows. |
| Fossil evidence for first life on earth is how old? | 3.5 BY old |
| What are petrified fossils? | Fossils where minerals have penetrated & replaced the hard parts of an organism such as petrified wood. |
| How are imprint fossils formed? | Imprint fossils are formed when a thin object falls into sediment leaving an impression of the object when the sediment hardens into rock. |
| How are organisms preserved in amber? | Entire organisms are trapped & coated by tree sap that hardens into amber. |
| How are organisms preserved in ice? | Entire organisms are quickly trapped in ice. |
| What is a fossil cast? | Casts are formed when minerals in rocks fill a space left by a decayed organism. |
| What are fossil molds? | Molds are fossils that form ehan an organism is buried in sediment & decays, leaving an empty space. |
| Fossils occur most often in what kind of rock? | Sedimentary rock |
| What is relative dating? | A process used to age rocks & fossils by comparing with similar surrounding layers |
| What is radiometric dating? | Uses radioactive isotopes in rocks or fossils to determine the age |
| What is the half-life of a radioactive substance? | The amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the parent material to change into the stable daughter material |
| Suppose you had a substance that has a half-life of 100 years. How old is the object that contains the substance if 1/8 of the parent material remains? | 300 years old |
| Who, in 1668, disproved that life arises from non-life | Francesco Redi |
| Who disproved that microorganisms spontaneously regenerate? | Louis Pasteur |
| The early earth atmosphere is thought to have been composed of ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane & water vapor, but lacking in what major gas? | oxygen |
| When was the earth's oceans to have formed form the condensation of atmospheric gases? | 3.9 to 3.5 bya |
| Who proposed the concept of Primordial Soup? | Alexander Oparin |
| What was the Primordial Soup? | Energy from the sun, lightning & heat triggered a chemical reaction that produced small organic molecules (amino acids) in the ocean = a primordial soup. |
| Who ran an experiment to show that the primordial soup could have been formed on early earth? | Stanley Miller & Harold Urey |
| The amino acids in the primordial soup are thought to have organized into what? | proteins |
| Proteins in the primordial soup are thought to have formed what? | Protocells (large enclosed membranes that grow & divide) |
| The theory of evolution for life on earth suggests that first life was what? | Bacteria that were anaerobic (no oxygen) & autotrophic (chemically make own food) |
| Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to have evolved from the 1st anaerobic bacteria, producing what that was lacking in the atmosphere? | oxygen |
| With the presence of oxygen, what bacteria are thought to have evolved? | aerobic bacteria (oxygen-loving) |
| When did prokaryotic (Bt)diversity happen incredibly rapidly | 2.8 bya |
| Who proposed the Endosymbiosis theory? | Lynn Margulis |
| What does the endosymbiosis theory explain? | The evolution of mitochondria for animal cells & chloroplasts for plant cells |
| The evolution of mitochondria & chloroplasts led to what kind of cells | eukaryotic cells (contain membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus) |
| What current day evidence do we have for the first early multicellular life? | Stromatolite fossils (mounds of cyanobacteria) |
| Structures that are similar in arrangement or in function, or both are known as what? | Homologous structures |
| When the forelimb bones of whales, birds, & crocodiles are similar in structure & function making them what kinds of structures? | Homologous structures |
| The wings of birds & insects are similar in function but do not have the same evolutionary origin, making them what kind of structures? | Analogous structures |
| What do we call body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary ancestor but function similarly? | Analogous Structures |
| A body structure that has no function in a present day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor is known as what kind of structure? | Vestigial structure |
| What would be an example of a vestigial structure? | Leg bones on pythons or wings on an ostrich or eyes on cave fish |
| What indirect evidence for evolution is based on the similarities in young embryos suggesting evolution from a distant common ancestor? | Embryology |
| What indirect evidence for evolution is based on similarities & differences in RNA & DNA nucleotide sequences? | Biochemistry |
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