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Chp. 10 vocab

WordDefinition
1. Virulent describes a microorganism or virus that causes disease and that is highly infectious
2. Transformation the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another
3. Bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria
4. Nucleotide in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
5. Deoxyribose a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
6. Nitrogenous base an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
7. Purine a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine
8. Pyrimidine a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil
9. Base-pairing rules the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
10. Complementary base pair the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine
11. Base sequence The order of the nucleotide bases -- adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) -- in a DNA molecule.
12. DNA replication the process of making a copy of DNA
13. Helicase an enzyme that separates DNA strands
14. Replication fork a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
15. DNA polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
16. Semi-conservative replication in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
17. Replication the duplication of a DNA molecule
18. Mutation a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
19. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
20. Transcription the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
21. Translation the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
22. Protein synthesis the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
23. Ribose a five-carbon sugar present in RNA
24. Messenger RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA, a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
25. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ribosomal RNA, an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function
26. Transfer RNA (tRNA) an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
27. RNA polymerase promoter an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
28. Termination signal a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
29. Genetic code the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
30. Codon in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
31. Anticodon a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
32. Genome the complete genetic material contained in an individual
Created by: sgcook123
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