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chapters 7 and 9
nervous and endocrine systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| step by step process of nervous system | stimulus - Affector - Translate/ interpret - motor output (response) - effector (response) |
| Effectors | muscles and glands |
| structure of CNS | BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD |
| structure of PNS | spinal nerves: 31 pairs Cranial nerves: 12 pairs |
| Afferent neurons | somatic fibers (superficial) Visceral fibers (deep) |
| somatic nervous system | in PNS; motor division; voluntary (skeletal muscle) |
| Autonomic nervous system | in PNS; in motor division; involuntary (heart) |
| dendrite | fibers on a neuron that receive and then deliver messages to the cell and nucleus. |
| axon | sends messages from (away) cell to terminals |
| Astrocyte | (star shaped) Most abundant of glia cells; brace neurons; are chemical mops; and ingest excess ions and neurotransmitters; attatch blood cells to neurons |
| microglia | not a neuron; phagocytes: ingest harmful substances fro protection and dispose of debris |
| ependymal cells | line cavities; circulates cerebrospinal fluid. keeps cilia moving |
| oligodendrocyte | only in CNS; can wrap around several nerve fibers at once |
| meylin sheath | fatty lipid; wraps tightly around the axon of nerves. Protects neurons; speeds up messages and impulses, and AP |
| Schwann cells | attach to only one neuron at a time |
| resting potential | plarized; the conditions inside the neuron are different than out |
| depolarization | conditions start to become more similar (sodium comes in) everything is inside neuron, initiated by stimulus |
| propagation of AP | the upset of conditions inside the neuron because of the depolarization, an action potential starts |
| re polarization | protiens open so potassium can flood out in order to restore polarization (stops AP) |
| sodium/potassium pump | pumps potassium into cell and sodium out to restore original concentration |
| presynaptic neuron | the message sending neuron |
| postsynaptic neuron | the message receiving neuron |
| 4 major regions of the brain | Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, stem |
| cerebrum | gray and white matter; interpretation for smelling, logic, speech, memory, voluntary movements |
| diencephalon | thalamus = relay- determines good or bad Hypothalamus = hunger, thirst, sex drive, body temp, hearing Epithalamus = sleep wake cycle |
| brain stem | attaches to spinal cord; midbrain= hearing and vision. pons = control breathing. medulla oblongata = hr, bp, vomitting |
| cerebellum | 2 hemispheres, coordination of body movements, balance, and equilibrium |
| protectors of the CNS | scalp, skin, skull, vertebrae column, meninges |
| cerebrospinal fluid | similar to blood plasma; watery cushion, protects and absorbs shock for the brain |
| blood brain barrier | least permeable capillaries; fats, resp. gases, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, ect can still get through here |
| medulla | senses bad substances before they hit the blood brain barrier and can induce vomitting if needed |
| spinal cord anatomy | 17 in long, 1 in wide; 31 pairs. Foremen magnum = where cord meets brain Cauda equina = where cord disperses into nerves |
| endocrine system | maintain homeostasis. its "organs" = glands |
| functions of the endocrine system | cellular metabolism, growth and development, immunity, nutient and h2O balance |
| hormone | released by endocrine glands; chemical messages that cause a specific resonse |
| receptors in cell membrane | amino acid based: must have acertain protien on membrane to attach to; not lipid soluble |
| receptors in nucleus | lipid based: lipid soluble so it can pass through right to the nucleus |
| hypothalamus | diencephalon. secretes, releases and inhibits hormones, produces ocytocin and adh |
| pituitary gland | stores oxytocin and ADH; 2 lobes, produces prolactin, releases growth homrmone, targets skeletal muscle and long bones |
| thyroid gland | releaes thyroid hormone; calcitonin = released when ca+2 level is to HIGH. targets osteoblasts |
| parathyroid gland | usually 4; parathyroid hormone = released when Ca+2 levels are to LOW. targets osteoclasts |
| thymus | thymosin: maturation of T lyphocytes (immune cells) |
| adrenal glands | aldosterone, corisol, epinephrine |
| aldosterone | raises na+ level in blood to increase preassure |
| cortisol | released when stressed; raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation |
| epinephrine | adrenaline; increases BP and heart rate and blood sugar; intensifies memory |
| pancreas | regulates glucose levels; glucagon = increases blood sugar - targets: glycogen Insulin = released to lower blood sugar |
Created by:
redhead19
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