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2/8 quiz LAB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tissues | groups of of cells with similar appearance that perform the same functions |
| epithelial tissues | surface tissues cover and line body surfaces. protection & regulate materials. tight & avascular |
| connective tissues | underlying tissues covered by epithelium. Support, protection, assist system interactions |
| muscle | movement of body structures |
| nervous tissue | controls other body tissues using electrical impulses |
| organs | different tissues combined. distinct shape & function |
| organ systems | organs grouped to perform more complex tasks |
| epithelium is vascular or avascular? | avascular tissue |
| basement membrane | between epithelium and connective tissues |
| 3 types of epithelial layers | 1. simple 2. stratified 3. pseudostratified |
| simple | single layer, touch basement membrane, neatly arranged nuclei |
| stratified | multiple layers, only deepest touches basement membrane, range in thickness |
| pseudostratified | single layer, false appearance of multiple layers (different levels), all touch basement membrane but not all reach surface |
| squamous | flat, scale-like. top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is flat "fried egg" |
| cuboidal | top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is square. nucleus toward center. |
| columnar | top is irregularly shaped polygons & side is rectangular. Nucleus towards bottom. |
| transitional | irregularly round. uncommon. |
| 3 types simple epithelium | 1. squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar |
| 3 types simple culumnar epithelium | 1. ciliated 2. microvilli 3. neither |
| 2 types of stratified epithelium | 1. squamous 2. transitional |
| 1 type of pseudostratified epithelium | columnar pseudostratified epithelium |
| 4 shapes of epithelial cells | 1. squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar 4. transitional |
| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of flat, scale-like cells. very thin barrier allows filtration & diffusion. |
| simple squamous epithelium locations | found in alveoli(lung), glomerulus(kidney), inside blood vessels, capillaries, outsides of organs & body cavities |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer cube/square. Stronger barrier than simple squamous. Impermeable or selective. |
| simple cuboidal epithelium locations | Gland ducts, thyroid gland, kidney tubes |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Single layer rectangular. Lines direct environmental exposure areas. Thickest & most difficult to cross |
| Cilia | Hair like |
| Microvilli | Tiny fan folds. Increase surface area |
| Goblet cells | Mucus producing glands. Lube & protect. Can be associated with cilia or microvilli |
| 3 special features of Simple columnar epithelium | Microvilli, cilia, goblet cells |
| Simple columnar epithelium locations | Digestive lining (with microvilli & goblet), smaller airways (with cilia), ducts of large glands |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Variety of cells, most have cilia & goblet. Thickness doesn't change. |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium locations | Lines large airways (trachea, bronchi), reproductive tubing |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Multiple layers thickness varies. Strong, durable, direct exposure to environment. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium locations | Epidermis (skin surface), mucus membranes (moist body entrances) |
| transitional epithelium | several layers large round cells. can stretch* |
| transitional epithelium locations | bladder, bladder tubing |
| gland tissue type | made of epithelial tissue |
| endocrine gland | uses blood (not ducts) to deliver secretions, produces hormones |
| exocrine glands | ducts lead to epithelial surface to deliver secretion |
| 3 types exocrine glands | 1. merocrine 2. apocrine 3. holocrine |
| merocrine gland | sends only secretions through ducts, watery |
| apocrine glands | portion of cell + secretion through ducts, slightly thicker |
| holocrine glands | lose entire cell with secretion, very thick. chance of odor |
| 3 types of connective tissue | 1. soft 2. support 3. fluid |
| soft connective tissues | very pliable. also known as proper connective tissues |
| support connective tissues | rigid (stiff) |
| fluid connective tissues | liquid tissues, blood |
| connective tissues vascular or avascular | highly vascular |
| matrix | space between connective tissue cells. fibers & a ground substance. |
| fibroblasts | fibers produced by connective tissue cells |
| 3 types of connective tissue fibers | 1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular |
| collagen fibers | thick protein bands. strong, dont stretch. found in most connective tissues |
| elastic fibers | thinner protein strands that stretch |
| reticular fibers | medium thickness, branched protein strands rarely found in connective tissues |
| ground substance | surrounds cells & fibers of connective tissues |
| 3 types of ground substances | 1. hyaluronic acid 2. chondroitin sulfate 3. calcium salts |
| hyaluronic acid | ground substance found in soft connective tissues. watery makes tissues flexible. |
| chondroitin sulfate | gelatinous forms ground substance of cartilage. |
| calcium salts | ground substance is very rigid provides support & protection. forms bone crystalline matrix |
| 2 types support CT | 1. cartilage 2. bone |
| 2 types fluid CT | 1. blood 2. lymph |
| 4 types soft CT | 1. areolar 2. adipose 3. dense collagenous 4. reticular |
| areolar CT | common found beneath epithelium. many fiber & cell types |
| adipose CT | fat found beneath epithelium & protective cushions. chicken wire |
| dense collagenous CT | many collagen fibers in matrix. strong doesnt stretch |
| reticular CT | framework for organs including liver, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes |
| cartilage | *AVascular* support CT. |
| lacunae | shell-like housing units |
| 3 types cartilage | 1. hyaline 2. fibrocartilage 3. elastic |
| hyaline cartilage | end of nose, part of ribs, joint surfaces, fetal skeleton |
| fibrocartilage | more collagenous fibers, forms intervertebral discs & joint pads |
| elastic cartilage | elastic fibers & collagen, most flexible. Forms outer ear |
| osseous CT (bone) | ground substance is calcium salts creating rigid calcified matrix. found in lacunae. "bulls-eye" |
| muscle | tissue with ability to contract in response to stimulus, stretchy, large closely-packed sheets, large, easy DNA access |
| skeletal muscle | associated with skeleton used to move body around. Striated (striped) |
| cardiac muscle | walls of heart. striated (striped), intercalated discs |
| intercalated discs | special cell junctions for rapid transmission of info between cells in heart. |
| smooth muscle | muscular walls of most body organs. No striations, has smooth appearance. small spindle shaped cells |
| visceral smooth muscle | muscular walls of many abdominal & pelvic organs. large interconnected sheets function as group |
| multiunit smooth muscle | muscular walls of blood vessels, internal eye structures, arrector pili. Large sheets function independently |
| nervous tissue | contains neurons |
| neurons | large star-shaped cells send/receive electrical impulses |
| neuroglia | support cells protect neurons |
| forms outer layer of skin | stratified squamous epithelium |
| forms rigid part of skeleton | osseous (bone) |
| contains cells that send/rec electrical messages | nervous tissue |
| lines major airways | pseaudostratified columnar epith |
| also known as fat | adipose |
| forms muscle attached to bones | skeletal muscle |
| may be called endothelium or mesothelium | simple squamous epith |
| forms tendons & ligaments | reg dense collagenous CT |
| fills space under epith | areolar CT |
| avascular tissue | cartilage |
| forms muscular walls of heart | cardiac muscle |
| forms thyroid ducts and many other glands | simple cuboidal epith |
| framework for organs like liver & spleen | reticular CT |
| forms lining of urinary bladder | transitional epith |
| example fluid CT | blood |
| forms flexible parts of skeleton | cartilage |
| forms muscular walls of many organs | smooth muscle |
| has calcified matrix | osseous (bone) |
| uses chondroitin sulfate in ground substance | cartilage |
| forms joint & organ capsules | irr. dense collagenous CT |
| forms lining of digestive system | simple columnar epith |
| forms intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage |
| epidermis | most superficial layer of skin, stratified squamous epith. thickness varies. |
| epidermal ridges | thicker & thinner areas increase gripping friction on hands and feet (fingerprints) |
| stratum basale | close to dermis & attaches to basement membrane. rapid mitosis. cuboidal |
| stratum spinosum | has desmosomes, spiney appearance, gives strength to epithelium |
| specialized cell junctions | desmosomes |
| stratum germinativum | stratum spinosum & stratum basale together |
| stratum granulosome | manufacture keratin, oval shaped cells begin to die (further from nutrient source) |
| keratin | protein makes cells water-repellent and resistant |
| stratum lucidum | palms, soles, mucous membranes |
| stratum corneum | most superficial. flat, highly karatinized, dead cells. |
| melanocytes | produce melanin, located at the bottom of epidermis on the dermis border. |
| papillary region | just deep to the stratum basale. composed of areolar CT fills areas where epidermis changes thickness |
| dermal papillae | fingerlike projections of papillary region fit into epidermal ridges. helps privide nutrients,holds skin layers together, and helps form fingerprints. have meissners corpuscles and pain receptors |
| meissners corpuscles | light touch nerve receptors |
| reticular region | irr dense collagenous tissue, determines thickness, makes skin strong and tear resistant. has hair follicles and glands |
| pacinian corpuscles | deep pressure nerve receptors near subcutaneous layer and also tactile receptors |
| tactile receptors | nerve endings assiciated with the skin |
| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) | composed of adipose CT. Insulation & protective cushion |
| hair follicle | epidermal tissue that dips into dermal layers |
| hair bulb | deepest end of hair follicle produces hair, highly keratinized cells |
| root | portion of hair below skin surface |
| shaft | portion of hair above surface |
| arrector pili muscle | attaches to side of hair follicle, contracts when cold/scared |
| nails | special epidermal tissue at base of nail composed of highly keratinized, dead epidermal cells |
| sudoriferous glands | produce sweat |
| sebaceous glands | oily secretion |
| cerimunous glands | earwax |
| mammory glands | produce milk |
| epidermis layers from lowest to most superficial | Stratus -- basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum |
| contains dead keratinized cells | corneum |
| forms all cells of the epidermis | basale |
| cells begin to die due to lack of nutrients | granulosum |
| layer not found in hairy skin | lucidum |
| sheds cells into environment | corneum |
| cells attach to one another using desmosomes | spinosome |
| beginning to form keratin | granulosome |
| composed of dense collagenous CT | reticular region of dermis |
| forms surface of skin and mucous membranes | epidermis |
| contains meissners corpuscles | papillary |
| most glands are found in this layer | reticular region |
| composed mostly of adipose CT | subcutaneous layer |
| forms dermal papilla | papillary region |
| composed of stratified squamous epith | epidermis |
| contains pacinian corpuscles | reticular region |
| produces oily secretion | sebaceous |
| produces milk | mammary |
| produces sweat | sudoriferous |
| produces ear wax | ceruminous |
Created by:
la66
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