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Anatomy-Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymph | The tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries |
| Lymph capillaries are very _______ and collect _____ ______ and _____ | permeable, tissue fluid, proteins |
| Lacteals | specialize lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine |
| Lymph is kept within lymph vessels by | the same mechanisms that promote venous return |
| The lymph vessels from the lower body unite in front of the | lumbar vertebrae to form a vessel called the cisterna chyli |
| The cisterna chyli continues | upward in front of the backbone as the thoracic duct |
| Lymphatic tissue consists mainly of | lymphocytes in a mesh-like framework of connective tissue |
| Lymph nodes are found in | groups along the pathways of lymph vessels |
| As lymph passes through a lymph node, bacteria and other foreign materials are phagocytized by fixed (stationary) | macrophages |
| Plasma cells develop from | B lymphocytes exposed to pathogens in the lymph and produce antibodies |
| The cervical, axillary, and inguinal are located at | the junctions of the head and extremities with the trunk of the body |
| Lymph nodules are | small masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath epithelium of all mucous membranes |
| Peyer's patches | the lymph nodules of the small intestine |
| The spleen is located | in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm, behind the stomach |
| The thymus is located | inferior to the thyroid glands |
| The stem cells of the thymus produce | T lymphocytes |
| T lymphocytes are also called | T cells |
| Self-recognition | is the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body from those that do not |
| Self-tolerance | is the ability not to react to proteins and other organic molecules or cells produce |
| Immunity | the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases |
| Antigens | chemical markers that identify cells |
| The stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin is ___-_____ and when unbroken is an excellent ______ to pathogens of all kinds | non-living, barrier |
| Natural killer cells | make direct contact with foreign cells and kill them |
| How do NK cells kill foreign cells? | by rupturing cell membranes (with chemicals called perforins) or by inflicting some other kind of chemical damage |
| Interferons | Proteins produced by cells infected with viruses and by T cells |
| Complement | a group of more than 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood until activated |
| Inflammation | a general response to damage of any kind: microbial, chemical or physical |
| In the embryo, T cells are produced in the | bone marrow and thymus |
| T cells must pass through the | thymus |
| Thymic hormones bring about the maturation of | T cells |
| In the embryo, B cells are produced in the | bone marrow |
| B cells migrate | directly to the spleen and lymph nodes and nodules |
| When activated during an immune response, B cells will | divide many times and become plasma cells that produce antibodies to a specific foreign antigen |
| The helper T cell becomes | sensitized to and specific for the foreign antigen, the one that does not belong in the body |
| Cell-mediated immunity | The recognition of an antigen as foreign initiates one or both of the mechanisms of adaptive immunity |
| Antibody-mediated immunity | involves T cells, B cells, and macrophages |
| The ______ __ ______ will remember the specific foreign antigen and become active if it enters the body again | memory T cells |
| Memory B cells | remember the specific antigen and initiate a rapid response upon a second exposure |
| plasma cells | that produce antibodies specific for this one foreign antigen |
| Antibodies | do not themselves destroy foreign antigens, but rather become attached to such antigens to "label" them for destruction |
| Opsonization | Means that the antigen is now "labeled" for phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils |
| Chemotaxis means | "chemical movement" |
| Agglutination | clumping |
| Genetic immunity | does not involved antibodies or the immune system; it is the result of our genetic makeup |
| Acquired immunity | involve antibodies |
| Passive immunity | antibodies are from another source |
| active immunity | the individual produces his or her own antibodies |
Created by:
akikoandpoog
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