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218: Ch. 12
Translation and the Genetic Code
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| translation | protein (polypeptide) synthesis directed by a specific mRNA; occurs in ribosomes |
| free amino group | NH2 |
| free carboxyl group | COOH |
| side group | R |
| peptide | a compound containing amino acids; a breakdown or buildup unit in protein metabolism |
| peptide bonds | a chemical bond holding amino acid subunits together in proteins |
| primary structure | amino acid sequence |
| secondary structure | spatial interrelationships of the amino acids in segments of the polypeptide |
| tertiary structure | overall folding in 3D space |
| quarternary structure | association of 2 or more polypeptides in a multimeric protein |
| chaperones | a protein that helps nascent polypeptides fold into their proper 3D structures |
| alpha helices | |
| beta helices | |
| ionic bonds | attractions between oppositely charged chemical groups |
| H bonds | weak interactions between electronegative atoms and H atoms that are linked to other electronegative atoms |
| hydrophobic interactions | association of nonpolar groups with each other when present in aqueous solutions because of their insolubility in water |
| van der waals interactions | weak interactions between atoms placed in close proximity |
| inteins | a short amino acid sequence in a primary translation product that can excise itself from the polypeptide |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | enzymes that catalyze the formation of high energy bonds between amino acids and tRNA molecules |
| nucleolar organizer regions | a chromosomal segment containing genes that control the synthesis of ribosomal RNA, located at the secondary constriction of some chromosomes |
| A site (aminoacyl) | the ribosome binding site that contains the incoming aminoacylt-tRNA |
| P site (peptidyl) | the ribosome binding site that contains the tRNA to which the growing polypeptide chain is attached |
| E site (exit) | the ribosome binding site that contains the free tRNA prior to its release |
| initiation factors | soluble proteins required for the initiation of translation |
| methionyl-tRNAfmet | the methionine tRNA that specifies the initiation of polypeptide chains in prokaryotes |
| shine delgarno sequence | a conserved sequence in prokaryotic mRNAs that is complementary to a sequence near the 5' terminous of the 16S ribosomal RNA and is involved in the initiation of translation |
| elongation factor Ts (Ef-Ts) | hydrolizes one molecule of GTP |
| EF-Tu-GTP | carrying GTP; GTP is needed for the A site, but is not release until the peptide is formed |
| elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) | |
| peptidyl transferase | an enzyme activity- built into the large subunit of the ribosome-that catalyzes the the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation |
| elongation factor G (EF-G) | the ribosome undergoes changes in conformation |
| chain termination codons | a codon that specifies polypeptide chain termination rather than the incorporation of an amino acid. There are 3 such codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) and they are recognized by protein release factors rather than tRNAs |
| release factors (RF) | soluble proteins that recognize termination codons in mRNAs and terminate translation in response to these codons |
| triplet code | polyvaline (--) polycysteine (-) polyleucine (---) |
| suppressor mutations | a mutation that partially or completely cancels the phenotypic effect of another mutation |
| reading frame | the series of nucleotide triplets that are sequentially positioned in the A site of the ribosome during translation of an mRNA; also' the sequence of nucleotide pair triplets in DNA that correspond to these codons in mRNA |
| degenerate code | the specification of an amino acid by more than one codon |
| nearly universal code | with minor exceptions, codons have the same meanings in all living organisms |
| wobble hypothesis | Hypothesis to explain how one tRNA may recognize two codons. The first two bases of the mRNA codon and anticodon pair properly, but the third base in the anticodon has some play that permits it to pair with more than one base. |
| nonsense mutations | a mutation that changes the codon specifying an amino acid to a termination codon |
| missense mutations | a mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino acid to a codon specifying a different amino acid |
| ribosome | cytoplasmic organelle on which proteins are synthesized |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; RNAs that transport amino acids to the ribosomes, where the amino acids are assembled into proteins |
| genetic code | the set of 64 nucleotide triplets that specify the 20 amino acids and polypeptide chain initiation and termination |
| AUG | start codon |
Created by:
ktl34
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