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218: Ch. 11
Transcription and RNA Processing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolic pathway | Production of amino acids in cells occurs here |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | the RNA molecules that are translated on ribosomes |
| Amino acids | contains amino group (NH2) carboxyl group (C=O,-OH) and R-group building blocks of proteins |
| Transcription | the transfer of the genetic information from DNA to RNA (sometimes reversible) |
| Transcript | the strand of DNA that is used as the template to synthesize the RNA |
| Translation | the transfer of genetic information from RNA to protein (always irreversible) |
| Ribosomes | intricate macromolecular machines in which translation takes place; composed of five RNA molecules and 50 to 90 different proteins |
| Pre-mRNAs | in eukaryotes; the precursor to mRNA; the primary transcript |
| Ribonucleoside triphosphates | monomer |
| DNA template strand | the DNA that is copied in translation to produce a complimentary strand of RNA |
| DNA nontemplate strand | in transcription, the nontranscribed strand of DNA. It will hve the sme sequence as RNA transcript (but with T) |
| RNA polymerases | an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA |
| promoters | a nucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription; also, a chemical substance that enhances the transformation of benign cells into cancerous cells |
| transcription bubble | a locally unwound segment of DNA in which an RNA transcript is being synthesized |
| transcription unit | a segment of DNA that contains transcription initiation and termination signals and is transcribed into one RNA molecule |
| RNA polymerase holoenzyme | where sigma factor is present and initiate sRNA chains in vitro only at sites used in vivo |
| sigma factor | the subunit of prokaryotic polymerases that is responsible for the initiation of transcription at specific initiation sequences (no role in elongation) job is to recognize and bind RNA polymerase to the transcription initiation or promoter sites in DNA |
| termination signal | in transcription, a nucleotide sequence that specifies RNA chain termination |
| promoter sites in prokaryotes | initiation sequences for RNA polymerases Recognized by s subunit -10, -35 |
| heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) | the population of primary transcripts in the nucleous of a eukaryotic cell |
| 5'cap | 7-methyl guanosine caps added to the 5' ends of the primary transcripts prior to transport to cytoplasm for translation |
| 3' poly A tail | addedto the 3' ends of the transcrips, which are generated by cleavage rather than by termination of chain extension, prior to transport to cytoplasm for translation polyadenosine tract 20 to 200 nucleotides long |
| RNA polymerase I | located in nucleolus, catalyzes the synthesis of all rRNAs except the small 5SrRNA (eukaryotes) |
| RNA polymerase II | transcribes nuclear genes that encode proteins; product: nuclear pre-mRNAs (nucleus of eukaryotes) |
| RNA polymerase III | catalyzes synthesis of tRNA molecules, 5SrRNA molecules and snRNA (nucleus of eukaryotes) |
| TATA box | a conserved promoter sequence that determines the transcription start site |
| CAAT box | a conserved nucleotide sequence in eukaryotic promoters involved in the initiation of transcription |
| GC box | GGGCGG; often in RNA polymerase II promoters |
| Octamer box | ATTTGCAT; often in RNA polymerase II promoters |
| Basal transcription factors | proteins required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes |
| Poly (A) polymerase | adds poly(A)tails to 3' ends of the transcripts (polyadenylation) |
| RNA editing guide RNAs | |
| Introns | noncoding sequences; transcribed into pre-mRNAs and are later removed by splicing reeactions |
| Exons | expressed sequences |
| R-loops | DNA-RNA hybrids that contain single stranded regions of DNA , where RNA molecules have displaces DNA strands from DNA-RNA duplex regions (spot where RNA replaces DNA, causing DNA part to bubble a little) |
| TACTAAC box | Intron internal signal sequence TACTAAC box is 30 nuc upstream from 3’ splice site |
| Splicing endonuclease | stage I, makes 2 cuts precisely at the ends of the intron |
| Splicing ligase | stage II, this joins the 2 haves of tRNA to produce the mature form of tRNA molecule |
| Self splicing (autocatalytic introns) | excising introns without involvement of any protein catalytic activity |
| spliceosomes | structures on which splicing reactions take place to remove introns from the pre-mRNA |
| snRNPs | Spliceosome is assembled from four snRNPs: snRNAs (U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5) and other splicing factors. First, snRNPs interact with intronic sequences and each other to cleave the 5' exon/intron junction U1 binds to 5’ intron consensus seq (pre-mRNA spl |
| tRNA (transfer) | function as adaptors between amino acids and the codons in mRNA during translation |
| rRNA (ribosomal) | structural and catalytic components of the ribosomes; translate nucleotide sequences of mRNA to amino acid sequences |
| snRNA (small nuclear) | structural components of spliceosomes |
Created by:
ktl34
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