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Microbiology set 3
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 7 main shapes of bacteria? | coccus bacillus coccobacillus fusiform bacillus vibrio sprillium spriochete |
| 4 main colonization | diplococcus tetrad streptococcus staphylococcus |
| mycoplasma | prokaryote that has no cell wall. spherical in shape pinacillin has no effect on it because penicilun effects cells walls. |
| largest of the viruses? | pox virus |
| bacteriophage? | a virus that effects bacteria |
| limitation on the cell size? | the cell will grow until the function is destroyed. |
| plasma membrane function | selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell nutrient and waste transport, metabolic pathways, chemorecpetor |
| gas vacuole function | buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| inclusions | storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances |
| nucleoid | localization of genetic material (DNA) |
| periplasmic space | Gram - bacteria: contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake. gram + bacteria and archaeal cells: may be smaller |
| cell wall | provides shape and protection from osmotic stress |
| capsules and slime layers function | layers of material lying outside the cell wall resistance to phagocytosis adherence to surfaces rare in archaea |
| fimbriae and pili | attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation and tranformation, twitching and gliding motility. |
| flagella | swimming motility |
| endospore | survival under harsh enviromental conditions, only observed in bacteria. |
| capsules | usually composed of polysaccharides well organized and not easily removed from cell |
| slime layers | diffuse, unorganized and easily to remove from cell |
| capsule functions | protection from viral infection, predation, chemical harm, osmotic stress, motility |
| S-layers | DIFFERENT FROM SLIME LAYERS structure layer outside cell wall composed of proteins or glycoproteins |
| S-layers in G-bacteria | adheres to the outer membrane directly |
| S-layer in G+ bacteria | nothing |
| S-layer in archaea | maybe the only layer outside the plasma membrane |
| pH when more hydrogens are present | more acidic |
| where does cellular respiration happen? | mitochondria |
| cell wall functions in prokaryotic cells | very few prokaryotes lack cell walls gives shape, protects from osmotic lysis, pathogenicity |
| gram - bacteria cell wall | large layer of peptidoglycan |
| gram + bacteria cell wall | small layer of peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, lipoprotein, outer membrane, LPS, |
| Peptidoglycan in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: thick layer Gram - Bacteria: thin layer |
| Teichoic acid in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: present Gram - Bacteria: absent |
| Lipids in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: very little Gram - Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide layer |
| outer membrane in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: no Gram - Bacteria: yes |
| toxins in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: exotoxins Gram - Bacteria: endotoxins |
| sensitivity to antibiotics in the gram +/- bacteria | Gram + Bacteria: very sensitive Gram - Bacteria: moderately sensitive |
| different names for LPS | outer membrane, endotoxin, O antigen |
| importance of LPS | protection from host defenses (O antigen) contributes to negative charge on cell surface (core polysaccharide) helps stabilize outer membrane structure (lipid A) can act as an endotoxin (lipid A) |
| protoplast | cell completely lacking cell wall |
| spheroplast | cell with some cell wall remaining |
| archaeal cell walls | lack peptidoglycan that is found in bacteria consists of complex heteropolysaccharides |
| Archaeal cell walls differ chemically from Bacterial peptidoglycan how? | lacks muramic acid lacks D-amino acids resistant to lysozyme and b-lactam antibiotics (penicillin which inhibits peptidoglycan process) |
| why is there so many compositions to the archaea cell wall | they are extremophilles and need different types of cell walls for different types of extreme conditions they live in. |
| whats the difference between the archaea cell walls from each other | the ability of retention of dye due to pore sizes. |
| can archaea stain both gram - and gram + | yes |
| gram + stain in an archaea cell | the cell wall usually has a thick homogeneous layer |
| gram - stain in an archaea cell | the cell wall usually has a surface layer of protein or glycoprotein |
| Plasmid | DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and can self replicate. usually is circular and Double stranded |
| what gene codes for the sex pilus | f factor |
| what does a conjugation or sex pilus do? | DNA transferring required for mating 1-10 on a cell |
| what are the two types of pili? | there is fimbriae or normal pili and sex pili or conjugation pilus |
| fimbriae | protein appendage that is about 1000 on a cell allows for attachment onto surfaces some require twitching or gliding motility bacteria |
| example of how fimbriae works? | biofilm on a rock. bacteria is stuck on it. |
| difference in flagella in the prokaryotes and eukaryotes | the way they move and the molecular structure |
| parts of the flagella | hook ( links the basal body) and basal body (rings that drive the flagellar motor) filaments - |
| Monotrichous | one flagellum |
| polar flagellum | flagellum at end of cell |
| amphitrichous | one flagellum at each end of cell |
| lophotrichous | cluster of flagella at one or both ends |
| peritrichous | spread over entire surface of cell |
| what is the movement pattern in the flagella? | Run - forward motion with the counterclock rotation tumble - clockwise rotation and dsirupts run |
| chemotactic motility | the act of balancing out the runs and tumbles with flagella bacteria |
| how is the flagellar motor driven by | a proton gradient in prokaryotes and ATP in Eukaryotes. |
| How many rings does the basal body of a gram - have bacteria | 4 |
| how many rings does the basal body of a gram + have bacteria | 2 |
| Chemotaxis | movement away or towards a chemical repellent or attractant |
| chemoreceptors | receptors located on the surfaces of the cell which detect the chemical attractants and repellents |
| when is tumbling reduced? | in the presence of attractant and runs are much longer |
| describe the flagella on spirochetes | there are bundles of flagella called axial fibrils and run along the cell within the periplasmic space. they have screw-like motion and can bore into the media |
| endospore | a structure within bacteria that allows for survival under hard conditions. also can used to help describe the organism |
| what are the components of the endospore | core, cortex, spore coat |
| example of a species that contains spores | anthrax |
| what are the four locations of spores within the cell | central, subterminal, swollen sporangium and terminal |
| what makes endospores so resistant | calcium acid-soluble DNA-binding proteins dehydrated core spore coat DNA repair enzymes |
| are spores motile? | no |
| sporogenesis | the creation of spores |
| what is the first step in sporogenesis | vegetation growth stops, DNA is duplicated |
| what is the 2nd step in sporogenesis | a septum forms, dividing the cell asymmetrically |
| what is the 3rd step in sporogenesis | the larger compartment engulfs the smaller compartment |
| what is the 4th step in sporogenesis | forespore is formed within the mother cell |
| what is the 5th step in sporogenesis | peptidoglycan material is laid down between the two membranse now surrounding the forespore. then the forespore is dehydrated |
| what is the 6th step in sporogenesis | the cell is degraded and the endospore released. |
| when does sporogenesis happen? | when nutrients are depleted and conditions are harmful |
| what are the four macromolecules | lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins |
| lipids | biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic |
| carbohydrates | consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 saccharide |
| amino acids | are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
| proteins | are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. |
Created by:
kort
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