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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are homologous and vestigial structures and how do they provide evidence of evolution? | Homologous structures have similar structures and come from the same part of the embryo. Vestigial structures are those that no longer have a use. Comparing these structures in different species provides evidence of relationships. |
| How do scientists date fossils? | By studying sediments and by radioisotope dating. |
| How do fossils indicate species have changed over time? | By studying the fossils we can see how the structure of organisms has changed. |
| How does embryology suggest common ancestry? | Similarities in development of embryos can indicate the degree of relationships. |
| What evidence of common ancestry is found in biochemical studies? | Organisms that use the same chemical for the same purpose are probably related. |
| Define the term fossil. | the remains of an organism. |
| What can we learn from fossils? | What something looks like, when & where it lived, and how it moved. |
| Name three methods of fossilization? | Per mineralization, replacement, and carbonization. |
| What are trace fossils? | things such as foot prints, nests, and other traces of organisms. |
| What are the earliest fossils and how old are they? | Bacteria from 3.5 billion years ago |
| What is the earliest hominid? | Australopithecus |
| What distinguishes the human jaw from the ape jaw? | The human line of molars produces a V shape while ape molars form a U shape. |
| What distinguished Homo Habilus from earlier hominids? | They used tools. |
| How does the law of superposition allow paleontologists to date fossils? | They know that the lowest sediments contain the oldest fossils. |
| What did Malthus propose about the growth of populations? | It was limited by resources. |
| How did Lamarck’s theory of evolution differ from Darwin’s? | Lamarck believed acquired characteristics could be passed on. |
| What does the existence of similar embryological forms imply? | It implies a common ancestor. |
| Why are some traits beneficial for only some species? | Each species has a different set of needs to survive. |
| What pattern of evolution is demonstrated by the Galapagos finches? | Divergent |
| What pattern of evolution is shown by the body shapes of sharks (fish) and dolphins (mammals)? | Convergent evolution |
| How do the structure of proteins and other macromolecules indicate the relationships between species? | Similar structures indicate a degree of relationship. |
| What kind of pattern is demonstrated by bats and the flowers they feed on? | Coevolution |
| What is an acquired characteristic? | one that is acquired during life that is not determined by genes. |
| What limits the growth of populations? | The resources available in the environment |
| Describe natural selection. | Random variation in an organism makes it better-adapted to its environment thus it is able to have more children and pass its genes on. |
| How did Lyell’s work affect Darwin? | Lyell’s work forced Darwin to recognize the earth has been around for millions of years allowing time for evolution. |
| What types of evidence are used to support the theory of evolution? | Geology, paleontology, comparative anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, study of genetics |
| Give an example of adaptive radiation. | Honeycreepers in Hawaii have developed 23 different species. |
| How do the red fox and the kit fox show divergent evolution? | Red foxes and kit foxes have developed different shapes and colors to fit their environment. |
| What is convergent evolution? | Unrelated organisms that live in the same environment have similar body shapes. |
| What is uniformitarianism? | the belief that processes occurring today happened in the same way in the past. |
| How do pollinators show convergent evolution with flowers? | Pollinators adapt to the shapes and development times of the flowers. |
| Adaptive radiation most often happens on newly formed island. Why is this so? | Because on a newly formed island, every niche is empty. |
| What 2 concepts form the basis for Darwin’s theory of evolution? | Descent with modification and modification by natural selection |
| How do Hawaiian honeycreepers provide evidence for evolution? | Hawaiian honeycreepers have evolved from one bird to 23 species by adapting to different flower types. |
| According to Darwin, how does natural selection result in new species? | Over time, changes in the environment allow different variations to be more survivable creating new species. |
| Why is adaptive radiation a form of divergent evolution? | One species develops different forms to fill empty niches. |
| What are examples of vestigial structures in humans? | Our tail and our appendix. |
| What can a trail tell you about the animal? | How big it was, how it moved, and if it lived in groups or not. |
| Arrange these in order of increasing complexity: Multicelled eukaryotes, prokaryotes, single celled eukaryotes. | Prokaryotes, single-celled eukaryotes, multi-celled eukaryotes |
| In general, what can be said about the complexity of organisms? | Organisms have become more complex over time |
| What is needed to make a fossil? | Protection from scavengers, protection from weathering, & time |
| How does petrification differ from carbonization? | In petrification, air spaces are filled with minerals preserving hard tissue. In carbonization, tissues are replaced by carbon atoms preserving soft tissue. |
| Which hominid showed the first evidence of burial rituals? | Home Erectus |
| Which hominid built the first shelters? | Homo Neanderthallus |
| What are the two parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution? | Descent with modification and modification by natural selection. |
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