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Biol Aging Exam 1
Biology of aging exam 1
| Question | Answer | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| Cancer (developmental criteria) | It is not normal because it does not occur in everyone and it is somewhat reversible | |
| Alzeheimer's Disease (Developmental criteria) | It is not normal because while irreversible, it does not occur in everyone | |
| Moderate short term memory loss (developmental criteria) | This is normal in developmental aging because it is irreversible and it is normal | |
| Biological aging definition #2 | Physiological changes that occur (over time) which are expressed as a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis | |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of internal environment within narrow suitable range | |
| Homeostasis Blood attributes | 02 Co2 Glucose Minerals (Ca2+, Na+) PH Temperature | |
| Senescence | implies detrimental (to health) physiological changes Bone degradation rates can exceed bone synthesis rates | |
| Homeostasis declines | 1. Sensory neurons are less responsive 2. Muscles and glands are less responsive to motor neuron compounds 3. Loss in ability of peripheral vessels to dilate and constrict meaning faster temperature changes | |
| Homeostasis declines 2 | Decrease in in vital capacity of lungs results in more rapid changes of o2 and Co2 concentration of blood | |
| Senescence occurs: | When bone loss becomes osteoporosis -When gas exchange capacity begins to decline at age 20 but only when it limits function | |
| Statistical Aging Definition | Aging begins at the age when teh probability of death for a population is at its lowest point, and then increases. | |
| Chronological aging begins | 10-11 yo | |
| What age is male death probability 3 X's higher | 12-23 | |
| What is the cause of men in their 20's having a higher death probability | Testosterone dementia increases risky behavior and activities | |
| The probability of death for human males is higher than that for females | at all ages 0-120 | |
| In the 80 years and older U.S. population there are at least ____ as many women as men | 3X's more women | |
| CPID stands for | Cumulative, Progressive, Intrinsic and Deleterious | |
| (Most encompassing definition) Aging is: | a time independent series of cumulative, progressive, intrinsic and deleterious changes that usually begin to manifest themselves at reproductive maturity and culminate in death | |
| "Aging is ____" | CPID | |
| Cumulative: Progressive: Intrinsic: Deleterious: | C: changes add up over time P: changes are typically gradual and increase with time (hence irreversible) I: changes are inherent to species; not the result of modifiable environmental agent D: Changes reduce function | |
| Why time independent? | From individual to individual a given aging change can begin over a wide range of chrono. ages and progress at very diff. rates as a result of diff. in genetic makeup and diff. in exposures to environmental agents. | |
| Mortality doubling time: | Time span over which probability of death doubles | |
| Doubling time in human species | is about 8 years... 1990 age 10 1:4000, 18 1:2000 1848 age 10 1:800 , 18 1:400 | |
| A plot of probability of death vs. age provides a _____ curve | exponential curve | |
| Reserve capacity | the ability to function at a level far above what is need for normal activity | |
| Compensatory mechanisms | adjustments to bolster diminishing function | |
| Reserve capacity stats: Kidney, Blood, Air | Kidney: 2.5X Blood: 5 X Air: 6 X | |
| Compensatory Mechanisms can be these 3: | Physiological: Releasing more epinephrine onto older hearts strengthens beat Behaviorial: Coats can control cold tolerance Mechanical/Chemical: Medication can compensate for an increase in blood pressure Glasses/contacts and hearing aids | |
| Maximum Longevity | The age beyond which no member of a species has been known to live | |
| Maximum longevity of animals | shrew 2, rat 4, cat 30, elephant 60 It ranges 60 fold | |
| Maximum longevity of humans | ~120 years and has not increased | |
| Maximum longevity is under ____ control | genetic control | |
| Reasons max. longevity in humans won't increase: | 1. selective breeding experiments are not ethical 2. There are few hundred genes which have not been identified and those identified, we do not have the info need to modify those 3. Methods may be too severe: caloric restriction | |
| Mean longevity | The average age that people live to: 78 years and has increased 30 years | |
| Age gap between max and mean: | 1. Accidental deaths 2. Few individuals with ideal genetics 3. Many individuals abuse potential 4. Infant and child death pull rate down | |
| Why has mean longevity of US pop. increased so dramatically in the past century? | 1. Reduced rates in infant and child deaths (10 X higher in 1900 than today) 2. Reduced rates of women following delivery (10 X higher in 1900 than today) 3. Extending the years in the elderly (2 X higher in 1900 than today) | |
| The infant death rate in: infants, Mothers, Elderly was ___X's higher in 1900 | 10, 10, 2 | |
| 4 advances that have decreased infant/child mortality | Immunization, Antibiotics, Sewage treatment and water purification, Aseptic medical procedures | |
| Immunization in the 1900 could only be immunized for one disease: | Small pox, children are no longer vaccinated against this because it is eradicated | |
| By 1940's children were receiving what shot: | PDT: Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus | |
| Antibiotics were first available in the US and they were _____and in year____ | Penicillin, 1945 | |
| Puerpal fever | A disease caused by a bacteria that was contracted from un-sterile conditions. It primarily infected the uterus. The medical advance was sterilization | |
| Factors that decrease the overall death of many: | 1. Better knowledge of health risk and diet 2. Better medications 3. Better surgical tools and procedures 4. Artificial organ transplants 5. Artificial joints | |
| The increase of mean longevity since the 1970's benefit the: | Primarily the elderly, because the infant and children are already saved, so now the only changes have been in helping the elderly live longer | |
| If all cancers were eliminated, the longevity would increase by____ | Cancer is the cause of death of 1 in 5 individuals, however, if cancer was cured, the mean would only increase 1.8 years, that is because cancer is an illness of the elderly, and if one thing doesn't kill them then something else will | |
| The longevity of U.S. women is now____ than men and the difference is____ years | greater than men and 7 years | |
| Fourth reasons why women live longer: | 1. Women have two XX's which help prevent chromsomal disease because dominant will mask recessive 2. More estrogen which is a beneficial hormone 3. Less iron 4. Less risky, stressful jobs | |
| State phenotype of normal/affected of both female and male who possess one copy of an X linked recessive allele, hemophilia | XrXR Normal XrY Hemophilia Women's X's will mask the recessive with the dominant, men only have one X | |
| Iron levels in blood | It is advantageous to have less because iron atoms create free radicals which can cause mutations; women have less than men because of menstruation | |
| Which group will have the greatest mean longevity | The group above age 65 are predicted to live to 85, and the younger generation has only a prediction of 78 because they have to survive childhood and infancy | |
| It is possible to live many decades into 60's or 70's and avoid major diseases T/F | True | |
| The frequency of disease is much higher among the elderly | True | |
| 4 reasons why elderly are more likely to get diseases: | 1. Exposure to factors that can initiate disease: physical pounding on joints, exposure to dust, etc 2. Body's immune system declines 3. Reduced ability to maintain homeostasis 4. Gradual loss of reserve capacities, bone mass, motor neuron responses, e | |
| Does biological Aging of a specific part of the body begins at diff times in diff people | Yes it does | |
| Once a body part does begin to biologically age, does it do so at the same rate in all individual? | No, everyone person is different | |
| The body part that ages the fastest ______ from person to person | varies | |
| The average rate of aging of all body parts of an individual will be____ amongst individuals of the same chrono. age | The average rate will be different for all people | |
| Do certain body parts age faster than others? | Yes, the large intestine ages much faster than the small intestine | |
| The ____ people become, the ____ they become (in terms of degree of function of body parts) | The older people get, the more different they become, because the heterogeneity increases | |
| Name the two structures of the Gi tract that are most likely to experience problems with age: | The teeth and the large intestine | |
| How many teeth: | 20 baby deciduous teeth, 32 (16 in each jaw) adult permanent teeth. The number of teeth in a 65 year old can be 32-0 | |
| Tooth parts: | Enamel, dentin, root, gum, pulp w/i root cavity, bone of jaw, periodontal membrane, nerves and blood vessels | |
| First set of teeth in beginning: | 20 deciduous | |
| Adult permanent teeth: | 32 | |
| Nerve and blood vessels are found: | in the root canal and cavity | |
| Dentin: | Bone like tissue; not as hard or resistant as enamel; supports enamel and surrounds pulp cavity | |
| Enamel layer: | Hard/dense/ chemically resistant/direct contact with food including grinding | |
| Pulp and Root cavity | Contains nerves and blood vessels; services the rest of the tooth | |
| Periodontal membrane: | Tissue between the bone of the jaw and the tooth: Helps attach the tooth to the jaw | |
| Once enamel layer of tooth is formed: | It cannot be replenished | |
| 3 factors to thinning enamel: | Grinding food Acidic Foods Grinding of teeth with emotional stress | |
| 3 Consequences of thinning enamel: | Pain with exposure to temp. changes Dental layer may be exposed to dental caries rapidly following Hard grinding surface is disappearing | |
| Thin enamel teeth can be saved via: | Artificial crowns: a metal or ceramic cap that fits on the tooth | |
| Pulp cavity volume | Decreases, because surrounding dentin gradually fills the pulp cavity | |
| Consequence to thinning enamel temp. extremes: | Increase, because the dentin is more exposed and thus the nerves are more exposed | |
| The amount of pulp____and thus the pain to dental caries with advancing age ____ | The amount of pulp and the root cavity decrease in volume because the dentin grows in and thus dental carries increase with age | |
| Dental Carie: | A dental carie is a specific site of tooth decay where a region of enamel and or dentin is eroded | |
| With advancing age risk of dental caries___ due to____ | Increases; receding gum lines that leave space between gums and teeth where trapped food can lead to bacterial growth | |
| The decay in a tooth that produces caries is from ____ acid caused by what bacteria? | Lactic acid Streptocaucus mutans | |
| Two diseases included in the general term periodontal disease are: | gengivitis and periodontitis | |
| Gingivitis risk increases with age why? | older age there is a tendency for gums to redcede leaving space between gums and teeth trapped food leads to bacterial growth, plaque, and infection | |
| Perionditis | Same reasons as gingivitis but also only infection is deeper and more serious (it may destroy bone tissue that is supporting the tooth) | |
| What is a tooth implant and what is the procedure to replace? | Metal post inserted into jaw bone 1. removal of remaining segments of dead tooth 2. drill hole from site of old tooth to jaw bone 3. insert metal (tit) post the implant into the hole 4. Allow time (mo) while bone regrows 5. Attach artifical tooth to | |
| Two criteria that must be fulfilled before a change is a developmental change | 1. It occurs in everyone (it is normal) 2. It is irreverisble |
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