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Biology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | basic unit of structure and function of all living things |
| unicellular | cells that live independently |
| multicellular | living things that contain more than one cell. |
| Levels of biological organization | -atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere |
| atom | smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. |
| population | organisms of the same species in a particular area |
| community | interacting populations in a particular area |
| ecosystem | community plus the physical environment |
| energy | is the capacity to do work |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions that occur in a cell. |
| photosynthesis | process that transforms solar energy into chem energy of plants. |
| homeostasis | state of biological balance |
| adaptations | modifications that make organisms better able to function in a particular environment. |
| evolution | includes the way in which a populations of organisms change over the course of time to become more suited to their environments. |
| taxonomy | the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules |
| level of classification | domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species |
| 3 domains | Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya |
| prokaryotes | lack the membrane-bounded nucleus |
| binomial nomenclature | a two-part name for each living thing.the first word is genus, the second word is the specific epithet of a species within a genus. |
| scientific method | standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge. observations-problems-hypothesis-test hypothesis-results-conclusion |
| inductive reasoning | use of creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole. |
| hypothesis | possible explanation for a natural event. |
| control group | used for comparison aka normal group |
| experimental group | group with one condition changed |
| independent variable | one condition changed |
| dependent variable | one or more conditions measured to generate data and compare groups |
| scientific theories | concepts that join together well-supported and related hypothesis. |
| data | results of an experiment |
| Six elements of basic life forms | CHNOPS |
| Nucleus contains | protons and neutrons = Atomic mass |
| Atomic number | how many protons in an atom |
| electrons | negative; surround nucleus; 2,8,12 |
| Isotope | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| Radioactive Isotope | release energy and subatomic particles. Used for medical diagnosis. |
| Chemically inert | have a full outer shell, not easily compatible with other elements. "Noble gases" too noble to bond |
| Element | consists purely of one atom |
| Compound | Mix of different elements bonded together |
| Chemical bond | bond between two or more atoms |
| Ionic bond | when atoms join to make a full outher shell, creating a slightly positive and slightly negative ends |
| Covalent bond | when atoms share electrons to make full outer shells, electron shells overlap. |
| Nonpolar Covalent bond | the sharing of electrons is equal |
| Polar Covalent bond | when electrons are not shared equally |
| Only polar molecule in living things | water |
| Hydrogen bond | attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative charge of another atom. Weak bond. Give molecules structure and shape. |
| Molecular formula | CH4,H2O |
| Structural formula | O=O, H-H |
| High heat capacity | takes a lot of heat and time to heat up water. H absorbs heat without a great change in temperature until they finally break apart. |
| Excellent solvent | the negative ends of H20 attract to the positive ends of the solute. |
| Cohesion | how water stays together |
| Adhesion | how water clings to polar surfaces. |
| High surface tension | strong attraction of H20 molecules, molecules expand when freezing due to the expansion of H molecules. |
| molecule | composed of two or more different atoms chemically bonded together. |
| Acidic | H+ ions are being added to a solution 7 |
| Basic | Oh- ions are being added to a solution <7 |
| Buffers | chemicals which resist changes in pH that could result in harm of an organism |
| Organic Compound | compounds containing both H and C atoms |
| Inorganic compounds | any compound without H or C. |
| Hydrocarbon | Chains of C bonded exclusively with H. |
| Isomers | two molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of those atoms |
| functional group | clusters of specific atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton (R) that react in the same way. Without this carbon skeleton certain compounds wouldn't be able to form. |
| Polymers | largest biomolecules constructed by linking monomers; short term energy, make up chitin and cellulose |
| Monomers | smallest subunit of molecules |
| Dehydration | chemical reaction, when synthesis occurs in a polymer and water is removed |
| Hydrolysis | chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into their smaller monomers using water. |
| Carbohydrates | used as an immediate energy source in living things also have structural uses in some organisms. |
| Lipids | insoluble in water due to their hydrogen chains.Used for insulation and long term energy use. |
| Proteins | important to the structure and function of cells. Functions in cells include metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation and motion. |
| Nucleic Acids | polymers of nucleotides with very specific function in cells. Such as DNA and RNA. contain cells genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins and reproductions |
| nucleotide | are covalently linked in chains by dehydration reactions; contain sugar, phosphate group, and a base. |
| Monosaccharide | simple sugars with a backbone of 3-6 Carbons. Such as glucose used for cellular fuel of all living things and ribose/desoyribose found in nucleic acids of DNA and RNA. |
| Disaccharide | Contains two monosaccharides that have joined during the dehydration process. For example maltose and sucrose |
| Polysaccharide | polymers of monosaccharides broken down to release sugar molecules when we need energy. Such as starch and glycogen which are stored and released from the liver. |
| Triglycerides | 2 subunits 1.fat used for long term energy in animals 2.oil used for long term energy in plants; Both made up of long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. Contain 16-18 C. |
| Phospholipids | contain phosphate- constructed like a fat except in place of the third fatty acid there is a polar phosphate group. Relevant in the structure of a cell |
| Steroids | have skeletons of 4 carbon fused rings. Makes our hormones and manages cholestorol. |
| Waxes | long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols. Found in skin and fur, water resistant. |
| Protein support | collagen and keratin |
| Protein metabolism | enzymes- speed up reactions in body |
| Protein transport | channels; hemoglobin |
| Protein defense | antibodies keep away disease |
| Protein regulation | serve as intracellular messengers; hormones such as insulin |
| Protein Motion | allows cell to move; muscles and cytoskeleton proteins. |
| amino acids | central carbon bonds to H2N- amino acid group- COOH- acid group H and R group; R= rest of the molecule |
| Primary structure | sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | polypeptide begins to coil and fold |
| Tertiary Structure | folding resulting in 3D shape |
| Quaternary Structure | when 2 or more polypeptides join to form a protein. |
| Denaturization | protein loses it's shape; this would be due to pH imbalance or temperature change. most likely resulting in death of organism |
| DNA | double helix, 2 poly nucleotide strands twisting around each other; genetic material that stores information regarding it's own replication |
| RNA | single strand polymer of nucleotides; conveys information from DNA regarding amino acid sequence in a protein. |
| ATP | metabolic nucleotide which act as the energy source for cellular work; composed of adenosine-adenine, ribose and triphospate. |
| cell theory | all organisms are composed of cells; cells are structural and functional units, cells can only come from pre-existing cells |
| Surface area to volume ratio | requires that cells be small, as a cells volume gets larger the surface area decreases. size limits metabolizing in cells. cells need a greater surface area to utilize membrane modifications such as folding. |
| Light microscope | use light rays, can use for the study of living cells. |
| Transmission Electron Microscope | detailed, internal structure of cell organelles, use electron transmissions, have shorter wavelengths. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | 3D image of cell surface, use electron transmissions. |
| Three major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic | Eukaryotic cells are much larger, have a nucleus and have energy transforming organelles. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleic region. |
| Endosymbiotic hypothesis | energy related organelles mitochondria and chloroplast arose when a eukaryotic cell engulfed by prokaryotic cells. |
| Ribosomes | carry mRNA to make copies of DNA in the rough ER to make proteins. |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes lipids |
| Rough ER | synthesizes proteins, contain ribosomes |
| Golgi apparatus | process, package and ship modified proteins in "vesicles" called lysosomes which it packages |
| Lysosome | digests enzymes; destroy cell if needed by expelling their contents. |
| Endomembrane System | proteins in rough ER and lipids in the smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus,modified before packaged in vesicles that leave Golgi, transports them to various destinations.Secretory vesicles take proteins to plasma membrane exit |
| Large Central Vacuole | maintains turgor pressure in a cell, adds support, contains water and other nutrients |
| Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis, makes glucose; green plastids |
| Mithochondria | cellular respiration, synthesis of ATP using glucose. |
| Cytoskeleton | internal network of protein filaments that provide cell shape, support, mobility and movement of cells |
| Microtubules | vesicles and organelles can be moved from one place to another in a cell on cytoskeleton tracts with the help of motor proteins |
| Plasma membrane | regulates the entrance and exit of substances into and out of a cell |
Created by:
darla.
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