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Bio 12 Section 1.2
Second Assignment Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acids | molecules that have a pH level less than 7, dissociate in water, and release hydrogen ions (H+) It is a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution |
| bases | molecules that either release hydroxide ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+); bases have a pH greater than 7 |
| buffer | a compound or combination of compounds (often a weak acid or base and a related salt) that keeps the pH of a solution within its normal limits (stops the pH from large changes) |
| hemoglobin | A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. |
| hydrogen bonding | weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule |
| hydrophilic | water-loving molecules that are polar in nature.Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. |
| hydrophobic | water-phobic molecules that are non-polar (Tending to repel or fail to mix with water) |
| lubricant | A substance, such as oil or grease, used for minimizing friction, esp. in an engine or component. |
| pH | relative strength of an acid |
| polarity | relative orientation of poles; the direction of a magnetic or electric field. |
| solvent | liquid component of a solution |
| temperature regulator | The ability of an organism to regulate its internal temperature to a particular level, such as the 37n degree celsius temperature in humans that provides optimal conditions for metabolic processes to occur. |
| lipids | include steroids, (sex hormones+cholesterol), which serve very important functions in the body; fats and oils, which act as energy storage molecules in organisms, are also lipids; lipids are unable to dissolve in water because they are neutral (non-polar) |
| neutral fats | another term for triglycerides (fats and oils) but the neutral means the molecule is non-polar or neutral |
| phospholipids | similar to neutral fats, except a phosphate group takes the place of one of the fatty acids;main constituent of the plasma membrane;hydrophilic face the outsides and insides of the cell; hydrophobic tails face each other in the inner part of the membrane |
| saturated fatty acids | a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms; found chiefly in animal fats. |
| steroids | has a backbone of four fused carbon rings, each one differing primarily by the functional group attached to it, and by the arrangements if the rings; hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone are steroids |
| triglycerides | An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils. |
| unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond in the carbon chain.. |
| part 2 | |
| amino acids | has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), an acidic group (–COOH), and an R group, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions that occur in the body; does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction |
| hormones | a chemical messenger that travels through the body and influences cell functions, such as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis |
| peptide bond | (C-N) covalent bonds that join two amino acids |
| plasma | the liquid portion of the blood; mainly consists of water; 7 to 8% of plasma consists of proteins |
| primary proteins | a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis |
| primary structure | The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
| proteins | polymers with amino acid monomers; include all antibodies, enzymes, most hormones, and much of structural support in the tissues of our bodies; structure consists of polymers made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells |
| quaternary structure | Biomolecular structure is the structure of biomolecules, mainly proteins and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. A structural level wherein several proteins (or polypeptide subunits) interact through non-covalent bonds to form one functional protein complex. |
| quaternary proteins | made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together |
| R-group | Abbreviation given to an unimportant part of a molecule. Indicates Rest of molecule.. |
| secondary proteins | looks like a primary protein coiled into a slinky |
| tertiary structure | The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule. |
| tertiary proteins | a three-dimensional structure created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself |
| part e | |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | high-energy molecules used by the cell to synthesize macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins |
| complementary base pairing | the formation of weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogen-containing bases; thymine (T) always pairs with adenine (A) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in DNA; in RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine |
| cytosine (C) | A compound, found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules" |
| double helix | describes the appearance of a DNA molecule |
| guanine (G) | A purine base found in dna and RNA; pairs with cytosine.One of the four bases, one of the constituent bases of nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides. It's a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell |
| nitrogenous base | A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base. |
| nucleic acids | there are two types of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA; both are polymers of nucleotides |
| nucleotide | composed of three main parts: a phosphate group (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar (DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose), and a nitrogen-containing base |
| phosphate | As a biological molecule, it is composed of phosphorus and oxygen and plays a major role in biological processes of many organisms, |
| thymine (T) | a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine |
| uracil (U) | A nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine.uracil |
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marianastrenchluvr
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