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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ENDO AND CRINE | Endo = inside or within Crine = separate |
| what does the endcrine system do? work with to do what? | Controls secretions of chemicals within the body so as to control tissues that are far (separate) for the source or secretion Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis |
| nervous and endocrine system have in common? ex? | Both control centers for feedback mechanisms Ex: When the body sense a parameter is getting too high or low, they initiate a response to bring it back to homeostasis |
| speed of response difference? | Speed of response: Nervous system is faster than endocrine |
| duration of influence difference? | Duration of influence: nervous system is less than a second; endocrine's effect can last days even after the hormones have stopped being released |
| what effectors do each system contorl? | Nervous only controls muscles and glands; Endocrine control potentially all the cells in the body |
| strength of siignal in each systeM? | Nervous - signal is an AP with a fixed strength Endocrine - Strength of signal varies depending on whether a little bit of the hormone was released or a lot and the effectors will respond on small or large ways |
| repair difference? | Repair: neurons cannot be replaces (except olfactory) but the glands are made up of epithelial tissue, which can be easily repaired if damaged |
| the only eay a cell can be affected? target cell? | The cell can only be affected by the hormone if it has receptors for that hormone Giving a target ell more receptors makes it respond more vigorously to even a small amount of hormone |
| 2 options to have a stringer response to a hormone | 2 options to have a stronger response to a hormone: increase the levels of hormone in the blood or increase the number of receptors on the target cells |
| glands do what 3 things with hormones? | Glands produce, stores, and then secrete hormones |
| what happens when the hormone reaches the target cell? | Once the Hormone reaches the target cell, it may send feedback (saying that the job is done and no more hormones are needed) to the gland and the cell will produce the desired response |
| 2 organs that dispose of the hormones? | The liver and kidneys dispose of the hormones left in the bloodstream and is eventually excreted. |
| glands __ and __ hormones until theyre needed. Carrier proteins? | Glands synthesize the hormones and store it until its needed Sometimes the hormone needs to be bound to a carrier protein depending on its chemical make up Bc the blood is watery, a fat soluble hormone needs a carrier to make it through the bloodstream |
| Urine and prego tests? | Urine tests can be used to test what hormones are going around in the body since hormones are eventually filtered through the kidneys and excreted in urines. Pregnancy tests detect a pregnancy hormone found in the urine |
| gland #1 - the hypothalamus found in the brain | Secretes hormones that effect the pituitary gland hypo secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, causing the pituitary to secrete more or less amounts of hormones |
| gladnd # 2 - the pituitary found int the brain | made up of 2 sections the anterior and the posterior pituitary |
| 6 hormones made in the anterior pit? | anterior pit produces the following hormones: growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) |
| Growth hormone - 4 facts? | Stimulates growth of most tissue, especially bone higher in adolescents who are growing also regulates metabolism affector: all cells in the body |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. cortisol? | TSH increases the section of thyroxine from the thyroid ACTH increases in times of body stress and increases cortisol, which is secreted by the adrenal glands |
| Luteinizing Hormone and follicle Stimulating Hormone | LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries or testes |
| Prolactin? | PRL stimulates milk production in the breasts PRL is also present in males, but in much lower levels |
| Pituitary called what? | The Pituitary controls several other glands, so it is often called the master endocrine gland |
| Pituitary's master? | hypothalamus |
| hypoth. releases which 6 homrones? | |
| Post Pit? 3 hormones? | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases the amount of water retained in the blood during kidney function -- This causes urine production to decrease;; Oxytocin (OT) increases the contractions of ht euterus during birth and promotes the release of breast mi |
| thyroid gland: thyroxine -- excess and too little? | 1. Thyroxine increases the metabolism rate of most cells in the body Excessive release of thyroxine = weight loss and anxiety Lack of thyroxine = accumulation of mucus in skin, causing a person to look puffy and diminished mental activity |
| thyroid gland: calcitonin | 2. Calcitonin lowers the activity of osteoclasts, decreasing calcium in the blood |
| parathyroid gland. found? function? how many? | Found embedded in the thyroid gland There are 4 of them Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which produces the opposite effect of calcitonin PTH increases osteoclast activity, raising blood calcium levels |
| adrenal gland. where? inside and outside? | Sits on top of each kidney The inside is the adrenal medulla Outer layer is the adrenal cortex |
| medulla function? | Medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase the response of the sympathetic division (medulla = middle part of adrenal gland) |
| cortex produces what 2 things? | Cortex produces Cortisol and aldosterone Cortisol levels rise during stress and increases the break down of protein and fat, saving glucose for the neurons in the brain Aldosterone causes the kidneys to decrease the amount of sodium in the urine |
| pancreas. produces? beta and alpha? | Produces insulin and glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin, which stimulates cells to take in glucose, lowering blood sugar levels Alpha cells secrete glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release glucose |
| type 1 diabetes? treatment? | T1 results from the pancreas not being able to produce insulin Lethargic and weak due to being forced to breakdown fats and proteins instead of burning off glucose Treatment: insulin shots |
| type 2 diabetes? treatment? | Cells no longer respond to insulin due to few or no insulin receptors Treatment: Control of diet, losing weight, and exercising |
| pineal body in the brain? | When your eyes receive light, the pineal body produces serotonin When there's no light, it produces melatonin The 2 affect day and night cycle |
| The thymus. where? finction? | below the Thyroid Gland in the neck Secretes thymosin which is involved int he development of the immune system |
| 3 types of hormone chemisty? | Amines, steroid, protein/peptide |
| non-hormone regulation? | 1. Non-hormonal regulation - a chemical other than a hormone regulates the release of a hormone The release of insulin is controlled by the level of glucose in the blood If blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas secretes more insulin |
| direct neutral contol of the homrone system? | Stress or activity activate the sympathetic division to send an AP to synapse with the cells of the adrenal medulla, where NT are released, causing the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| THe NS contolling the endo system how? | The NS controls the endocrine system via NT or neurohormones |
| hormonal control? | H released` into the bloodstream by the hypothalamus and brought directly to the anterior pituitary gland via a portal vein. Those hormones stimulate the anterior pit. to release its own hormones. (one gland secretes a hormone that effects another gland) |
| graves disease = hyperthyroidism? | antibodies block the hypothalamus from sensing thyroxine, causing it to continue releasing TSH-RH, which increases the release of TSH from the ant. pit., which increases the release of thyroxine from the thyroid : high met& enlarged thyroid=goider |
| hypothyrodism? | The hypothalamus continues to release TSH-RH bc it does not detect thyroxine in the blood The ant. pit. continues to release TSH The thyroid grows, but no thyroxine comes out |
| hypothyroidism symptoms? | Symptoms: Low met, weight gain, always feeling cold Linked to a diet low in iodine (now salt is iodized, so its rare in US) w/o iodine, the thyroid cannot make thyroxine |
| patterns of hormone secretion. constant secretion? | 1. Constant secretion - these hormones are constantly being produces by the body, an the control mechanisms which act on these hormones simply raise or lower this constant levels of secretion |
| patterns of hormone secretion: acute response | 2. Acute Response - hormone is at very low levels until a particular stimulus occurs, then the production increases quickly; once the stimulus goes away, the production drops off quickly; more `stress, the more norepinephrine and epinephrine produced |
| patterns of hormone secretion: cyclic secretion? | 3. Cyclic Secretion - hormones are secreted on a regular, predictable cycle Ex. Estrogen and progesterone in women is secreted on a monthly cycle Testosterone is secreted on a daily cycle - highest in the morning, lower in the evening |
| membrane bound receptors? | Located on the plasma membrane of the target cells;Protein and peptide hormones stimulate bc they are too large to fit in cell; produces a very quick response bc the cell already has everything ready to go, its just waiting on the signal from the hormone |
| intracellular recptors? ex? | enters the cell, travels through the cytoplasm and into the nucleus where it activates a gene(in nucleus, makes DNA) which gives the cells instructions to make a protein or enzyme;x = steriod hormones |
| 2 1/2 types of hormone recptors? | mem-bound recptors, intracellular recptors and amines |
| amines? | Amines stimulate both intracellular and membrane-bound receptors, depending on the particular hormone. |
| prostaglandins | biologically active lipids which produce many effects in the body, including smooth muscle contractions, inflammation, and pain;secreted by almost all cells in the body;no bloodstream, but are secreted into interstitial fluid & only produce local effects |
| asprin and prostaglandins | Aspirin works to decrease pain and inflammation by decreasing prostaglandins in the body it decreases blood clotting bc prostaglandins also cause clotting of the blood. |
| know hormone chart | |
| diagram with locations of homrones? |
Created by:
Ktfic
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