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Adams Pharm final
Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of drug is used as a sedative-hypnotic for up to 14 days and can cause respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock? | Barbiturates |
| What 2 things should you monitor for in patients taking barbiturates? | Blood dyscrasias (fever, sore throat, rash, jaundice, bruising), and serum concentrations of the drug. |
| Adverse effects of barbiturates? | Coma, SJ syndrome, angioedema, thrombophlebitis, hallucinations, blood dyscrasias. |
| What will a patient have deficiencies of when taking barbiturates? | Folic acid, vitamin D, K, and calcium |
| What drug treats adrenocorticol insufficiency, inflammation, and allergic disorders? | Hydrocortisone or Prednisone |
| What are some long term adverse effects of Prednisone? | Peptic ulcer disease, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, cataracts, HTN, impaired wound healing |
| What are some short term side effects of prednisone? | sodium and fluid retention, insomnia, anxiety, headache, vertigo, confusion, depression, tachycardia |
| What are some contraindications of prednisone? | Known infections (unless being treated with anti-infectives), diabetes, osteoporosis, hypothyroidism, heart failure, HTN, thiazide or loop diaretics may increase chance of hyperkalemia. No live vaccines |
| What are some nursing responsibilities for prednisone? | Obtain electrolyte levels, hemoglobin, glucose, BUN, creatinine, recommend opthalmic exams every 2-3 months |
| What is some patient teaching for prednisone? | Report weight gain of 5+lbs, no alcohol or caffeine, report heartburn or indigestion, avoid aspirin, eat a high protein, calcium, and vitamin D diet, do not abruptly discontinue |
| Soy relieves _____ and decreases levels of what drug? | Menopausal symptoms, decreased levels of warfarin |
| What 3 benefits does garlic have? | Reduce cholesterol, BP, aids in anticoagulation |
| How does garlic affect insulin? | Additive hypoglycemic effects |
| What is ginkgo used for? | Improves memory, reduces dizziness |
| How does ginkgo affect seizure drugs? How about Prilosec? | Decreases seizure threshold and anticonvulsant therapy, decreases effects of Prilosec |
| What is ginseng used for? | Stress reliever, enhance immune system, decrease fatigue |
| How does ginseng effect digoxin, insulin, and warfarin? | Increased digoxin toxicity, increased hypoglycemic effects, decreases warfarin. Do not use with MAOI's |
| Myasthenia Gravis attacks what kind of receptors? | Nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles |
| What two drugs treat MG? | Neostigmine (Prostigmin) and Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
| Tensilon is a _____ inhibitor and is used to diagnose _____? | AcH, MG |
| Atropopine blocks ____ receptors, inhibiting the action of ____ at postganglionic sites | muscarinic, AcH |
| Atropine is used to for bradycardia or tachycardia? | Bradycardia |
| When is atropine used? | Preop, bronchospasm, antidote for cholinergic agonist overdose |
| Contraindications for atropine? | glaucoma, COPD, MI, heart failure, HTN, hyperthyroidism, GERD, ileus, obstruction of GI tract |
| What kind of drugs inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis? | Statins |
| The primary goal of statins is to reduce the risk of what 3 things? | MI, stroke, coronary heart disease |
| Side effects of statins | headache, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, constipation, rhabdomyolosis |
| Contraindications of statins? | Hepatic impairment, pregnancy category X |
| When should you take statins? | Before you go to bed |
| What 2 beverages should you eliminate? | grapefruit juice and alcohol |
| What is the first type of drug used for hypertension? | hydrochlorothiazide |
| When giving HCTZ's, what 2 things should you watch for? | low potassium levels and hypoglycemia |
| Example of loop diuretic? | lasix |
| example of K+ sparing diuretic | spironolactone |
| Lasix and digoxin may cause ______ | hypokalemia |
| ACE inhibitors block what? | Angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II causes what? | vasoconstriction,decreased aldosterone secretion |
| ACE inhibitors and _____ may be used together to manage HTN | thiazide diuretics |
| Calcium channel blockers inhibit the flow of calcium ions in what kind of muscle? | cardiac and arteriolar |
| Does warfarin affect already exisiting clotting factors? | No |
| PT values should be....INR should be.... | 1.5-2.5, 2-4 |
| What diet restrictions should warfarin patients be on? | Avoid high fat and green veggies |
| What are signs of coumadin toxicity? | bruising, black tarry stools, vision or speech changes, severe headache, weakness or numbness in leg |
| Dry eyes is a side effect of accutane and what kind of drops are recommended? | Restatis |
| Normal sodium levels are between what? | 135-145 |
| Normal phosphate levels are between what? | 1-6 |
| Normal magnesium levels are between what? | 0.8-4 |
| Normal chloride levels are between what? | 95-112 |
| Normal calcium levels are between what? | 4-11 |
| Symptoms of hypokalemia | muscle weakness, lethargy, anorexia |
| Most common cause of hypokalemia | loop and thiazide diuretics |
| symptoms of hyperkalemia | muscle twitching, fatigue, parastheias, dyspnea, cramping, diarrhea |
| Digoxin is mainly used for | atrial fibrillation, heart failure |
| Dig toxicity symptoms | loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, visual disturbances |
| Is it ok to take OTC meds with Dig? | No |
| The most dangerous adverse effect of dig is it's ability to cause what? | ventricular dysrythmias |
| Inotropic agents do what | increase force of contraction of heart |
| Chronotropic agents do what | positive increases heart rate, negative decreases |
| What is Zantac indicated for? | ulcers, gerd, heartburn |
| Take Zantac with/without meals? | with |
| What are some adverse reactions to Zantac? | blood dyscrasias, high doses cause gynecomastia, impotence |
| Can you use Zantac during pregnancy? Breast feeding? | Yes, no |
| What kind of drugs are best for treating diarrhea? | opiods |
| Side effects of Lomotil? | drowsiness, flushing, dry mouth tachycardia |
| Are opiods short or long term for diarrhea? | short |
| Long term choice for diarrhea is... | Immodium |
| Examples of bulk forming laxatives... | fibercon, metamucil |
| Example of stimulant laxative... | ducolax |
| What kind of drug suppresses the cough reflex? | opiods |
| Most adverse effect of opiods... | respiratory depression |
| Opiods do what to BP | orthostatic hypotension and vasodilation |
| Opiods are/are not used in pregnancy | are not |
| What 3 main things decrease blood glucose levels? | exercise, alcohol, fasting |
| What are a few things that increase blood glucose levels? | stress from infection, surgery, carbs, growth hormone |
| Signs of hypoglycemia include... | headache, difficulty concentrating, seizures, coma, epi and norepi effects |
| What are the effects of hyperglycemia? | dehydration, confusion, lethargy, aphasia, visual disturbances, tachycardia, |
| When is the best time to take Synthroid? With/without food? | In the morning, no food, one hour before taking other meds |
| Synthroid should not be taken with what? | cholestyramine, colestipol, calcium,aluminum, iron, antacids, warfarin. |
| Too much Synthroid produces what effects? | sympathetic...may experience weight loss |
| What meds are used in prevention of osteoporosis? | calcium, vitamin d, biophosphonates, SERMS |
| hypercalcemia symptoms | lethargy, weakness, tingling, dysrthymias, hypotension |
| What may decrease the absorption of calcium? | zinc |
| Fosamax affects what? When do you take it? | bone resorption/empty stomach 30 minutes prior to eating |
| Calcitrol is a? Take with meals? | bone resorption/empty stomach |
| SERMS are for osteoporosis phrophylaxis and the prototype drug is... | raloxifene |
| Colchicine, used for gout, stops wbc's from... | infiltrating area |
| Take drug with food? | No |
| Fosamax when pregnant? | No |
| SERMS when pregnant? | No |
| Colchicine taken with food? | no |
| Side effects of Colchicine... | mostly GI, bone marrow toxicity, leucopenia, mental confusion... |
| How does allopurinol work? | inhibits uric acid formation |
| Take with food? | yes |
| Patient should drink __liters of water per day? | 3-4 |
| On allopurinol, patient should stay away from light so as not to develop ____ | cataracts |
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