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Speciation1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four kinds of speciation? | Allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric |
| What is allopatric speciation? | When one population is separated by a geographical boundary (mountain, river) and evolves into two separate species. |
| What is peripatric speciation? | When a small population of individuals is separated from the main population and evolves to become a new species (founder effect) |
| What is parapatric speciation? | When a population evolves into two side-by-side |
| What is sympatric speciation? | When a population evolves into two while in the same geographical area. |
| Give some examples of geographic variation within a species. | Milk/king snakes and leopard frogs |
| What is the difference between a species and a subspecies? | A species is characterized as a group of organisms that are genetically similar and can interbreed and have fertile offspring. A subspecies is a division of a species, usually by geographical location. |
| What is the biological species concept? | The idea that a species is a group of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
| Who is Ernst Mayr, and why is he important? | He was a Harvard student and an ornithologist, as well as an evolutionary biologist. His work contributed to the development of the biological species concept. |
| Name the 7 modes of reproductive isolation. | 1. Geographical; 2. Ecological; 3. Behavioral; 4. Temporal; 5. Mechanical; 6. No gamete fusion; 7. Infertility |
| Describe geographical isolation and give an example. | Geographical isolation is when a population is physically separated. Over time, these populations become separate species which do not or cannot interbreed. Elephants may be an example. |
| Describe ecological isolation and give an example. | Ecological isolation is when two species occupy different habitats and do not usually come into contact with one another. Example is lions and tigers. |
| Describe behavioral isolation and give some examples. | When two species have different mating habits (calls, pheromones, dances) |
| Describe temporal isolation and give an example. | Temporal isolation is when a species reproduces or is active at different times of the day or season. Example: some flowers, like 4 o'clocks. |
| Describe mechanical isolation and give an example. | When two different species have very different reproductive organs and cannot physically reproduce. Example: a horse and a pig. |
| Describe what 'prevention of gamete fusion' means and give an example. | When two individuals from different species mate, but their gametes are not compatible. |
| What is the phylogenetic species concept? | The idea that each species on a 'tip' of a phylogenetic tree is a separate species; the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets. |
| What is the morphospecies concept? | The idea that members of a species look physically similar to each other. |
| Explain reinforcement and talk about the European flycatchers. | Reinforcement is the idea that traits that lead to hybridization are selected against until the two populations are completely isolated. The European flycatchers in sympatry could mate and produce offspring, but the hybrids were less likely to find mates. |
| What is vertical change? How does it relate to the creation of a new species? | Vertical change is when one species, over time, changes into another species. |
| What is cladogenesis? | Cladogenesis is when one species splits into two separate species over time through evolution. |
| What is phylogeny? | The study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms. |
| What is the role of genetic drift in speciation? | Genetic drift may contribute to reproductive isolation. Example: Drosophila on Hawaii |
| What is the role of selection in speciation? | Organisms that have adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. Sexual selection can lead to speciation. |
| What is instant speciation and polyploidy? | Plants can do this by changing the number of sets of chromosomes. |
| What is adaptive radiation? Give some examples. | The evolution of several different species from a common ancestor due to adaptation. Ex: Drosophila, Darwin's finches, cichlids, alpine buttercups. |
Created by:
jdesrochers
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