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2401 chapter 2-chem.
Chapter 2 chemistry and microscope name of the parts.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Is anything that occupies space and has mass. |
| States of matter. | Solid, liquids, gas. |
| Energy | Is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion. |
| What are the two forms of energy? | Kinetic energy, and potential energy. |
| What is the kinetic energy? | Is energy in action. It does work by moving objects. |
| What is the potential energy? | Is a stored energy. Inactive energy that has the potential, or capability to do work but is not presently doing so. |
| What are the forms of energy used by the body? | chemical energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy, and radiant energy, or electromagnetic energy. |
| _______ is the form stored in the bonds of chemical substances. | chemical energy. |
| Some of the food energy is captured temporarily in the bonds of a chemical called ________. | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| _______ results from the movement of charged particles. | electrical energy. |
| The nervous system uses electrical current, called _________. | nerve impulses. |
| _________ is energy directly involved in moving matter. | mechanical energy. |
| _________ is the energy that travels in waves. These waves, which vary in length are collectively called the ___________. | Radiant energy, or electromagnetic energy; Electromagnetic spectrum. |
| ________ are the unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. | Elements |
| What are the four elements that makes up about 96% of body weight? | Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. |
| Each element is composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks called _______. | Atoms |
| We designate each element by a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand called an ________. | atomic symbol |
| Atoms are clusters of even smaller particles called ______, _______, and _______. | protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| An atom has a central ________ containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together. | nucleus |
| Nucleus is surrounded by orbiting ________. | Electrons |
| Protons | bear a positive electrical charge. |
| Neutrons | are neutral, so the nucleus is positively charge overall. |
| Electrons | bear a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the proton. |
| The _______ is a simplified (and now outdated) model of atomic structure. | Planetary model. |
| What determines the unique properties of each element? | different elements are composed of diff. numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| The ______ of any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol. | atomic number |
| The _______ of an atom is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons. | mass number |
| ______ is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. | isotopes |
| ________ is an average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element, taking in account their relative abundance in nature. | atomic weight |
| The heavier isotopes of many elements are unstable, and their atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms. this process of atomic decay is called _________, and isotopes that exhibit this behavior are called ________. | Radioactivity; radioisotopes. |
| Molecules | a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
| If two or more atoms of the same element combine, the resulting substance is called a ________. | molecule of that element. |
| When two or more different kinds of atoms bind, they form molecules of a __________. | compound. |
| What is a compound? | When two or more different kinds of atoms bind. |
| Mixtures | Are substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed. |
| What are the three basic types of mixture? | solutions, colliods, and suspensions. |
| _________ are homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. | solutions |
| ______ means that the mixture has exactly the same composition. | homogeneous |
| The substance present in the greatest amount is called ______. | solvent |
| The substances present in the smaller amount is called _____. | solutes |
| _______ is the body's chief solvent. | water |
| _______ also called emulsions, are heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their compositions is dissimilar in diff. areas of the mixture. | Colloids |
| Colloids have many unique properties, including the ability of some to undergo ________, that is, to change reversibly from a fluid state to a more solid state. | sol-gel transformations |
| _________ are heterogeneous mixtures with large , often visible solutes that tend to settle out. | suspensions |
| The chief difference of mixtures and a compound is that ________. | no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. |
| Mixtures can be separated by ___________, and compounds can be separated by ________. | physical means; chemical means (breaking bonds). |
| When atoms combine with other atoms, they are held together by __________. | chemical bonds. |
| ________ is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms, and it is made or broken in less than a trillionth of second. | chemical bond. |
| Electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom occupy regions of space called _________ that consecutively surround the atomic nucleus. | Electron shells. |
| Each electron shell represents a different _______. | energy level. |
| What are the three major types of chemical bonds? | Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. |
| ________ is a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other. | Ionic bond |
| The atoms that gain one ore more electrons is the _________. | electron acceptor. |
| Electron acceptor requires a net negative charge and is called an __________. | anion |
| The atoms that loses electrons is the ________. | Electron donor. |
| Electron donor requires a net positive charge and is called __________. | cation |
| Electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms, which constitutes a ________. | covalent bond |
| Molecules formed electrically balance called ________. | nonpolar molecules |
| _________ is a result of unequal electron pair sharing. | polar molecules |
| Small atoms with six or seven valence shell electron, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine, are electron hungry and attract electrons very strongly, a capability called __________. | electronegativity |
| Most atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons tend to be __________. | electropositive |
| _______ form when a hydrogen atom already covalently linked to one electronegative atom. | Hydrogen bond |
| A _______ occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken. | chemical reaction |
| Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules. | synthesis reactions |
| Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. | Decomposition reactions |
| bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions). | Exchange reactions |
| What are the three patterns of chemical reactions? | synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions. |
| Synthesis reactions are the basis of contructive, or _______, activities in body cells. | anabolic |
| Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative, or ________, processes in body cells. | catabolic. |
| Another group of important chemical reactions in living system is ________, called __________ for short. | oxidation-reduction reactions; redox reactions. |
| The reactant losing the electrons is referred to as the _________ and is said to be _______. | electron donor; oxidized |
| The reactant taking up the transferred electron is called the __________ and is said to become ________. | electron acceptor; reduced |
| Reaction that release energy are called ______. | exergonic reactions |
| The products of energy-absorbing, or _________, reactions contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants. | endergonic |
| Platform in which the slide rests for viewing is called _______. | stage |
| _____ is used to increase the amount of light passing through the specimen. | Iris diaphragm lever |
| ______ secure the slide to the stage | mechanical stage |
| ______ holds the slide | stage clip |
| ______delivers a concentrated beam to the specimen. | condenser |
| ______ used for precise focusing once the initial focusing has been done. | fine adjustment knob |
| carries the objective lenses; rotates so that the different objective lenses can be brought into position over the specimen. | rotating nosepiece |
| _______ is the study of the chemical compositions and the reactions of living matter. | biochemistry |
| All chemicals in the body fall into one of two major classes: _______ or ___________. | inorganic or organic compounds |
| all other chemicals in the body are considered ___________. | inorganic compound |
| organic compound | contain carbon |
| Most __________ do not contain carbon. | inorganic compound |
| What are the inorganic compounds chemicals? | Water, salts, acid and bases. |
| _____ is an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than hydroxyl ion (OH-). | salts |
| _______ is the most abundant and important inorganice compound in living material. | water |
| ______ is a substances that conduct and electrical current in solution. | electrolytes |
| _______ have a sour taste, can react with (dissolve) many metals, and "burn" a hole in your rug. | Acids |
| Because a hydrogen ion is just a hydrogen nucleus, or "naked" proton, acids are also called _______ | proton donors |
| _____ have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are _______ that is, they take up hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. | Bases; protons acceptors |
| _______ help to prevent excessive changes in the pH of body fluids. | Buffers |
| Acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water are called ______. | strong acids |
| Acids that do not dissociate completely, like carbon acid and acetic acid, are ______. | weak acids |
| When hydrocholic acid and sodium hydroxide interact, sodium chloride and water are formed. This type of reaction is called ______. | neutralization reaction |
| The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called ______. | pH units |
| What are the organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| _______, a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches, represent 1-2% of cell mass. | carbohydrates |
| _____ simple sugars, are single chain or single-ring structures containing from three seven carbon atoms. | monosaccharides |
| _______ or double sugar, is formed when two monosaccharides are joined by ___________. | disaccharide; dehydration synthesis |
| _______ are polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis. | Polysaccharides |
| The major function of carbohydrates in the body is to ________. | provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel. |
| _____ are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether. | lipids |
| three types of carbohydrates. | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. |
| ____________ also called neutral fats are commonly known as fats when solid or oils when liquid. | triglycerides (neutral fats) |
| A triglycerides is composed of two types of building blocks ________ and __________. | fatty acids; glycerol |
| Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as _____. | saturated |
| Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are said to be ______. | unsaturated |
| ______, common in many margarines and baked products, are oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of double carbon bonds. | trans fats |
| Types of lipids. | Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids. |
| ______ are modified triglycerides. They are diglycerides with a phosphorous containing group and two, rather that three, fatty acid chains. | Phospholipids |
| _______ are basically flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. | steroids |
| _______ are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes. | eicosanoids |
| _______ composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body. | protein |
| All proteins contain ______, _____, ______, ______, and many contain sulfur and phosphorus as well. | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| The building blocks of proteins are molecules called ______. | amino acids |
| All amino acids have two important functional groups: a basic group called _____, and an organic ____ group. | amine group; acid group |
| All amino acids are identical except for a single group of atoms called their ______. | R group |
| The resulting bond produces a characteristics arrangement of linked atoms called a ______. | peptide bond |
| most proteins are ________, large, complex moleculs containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids. | macromolecules |
| What are the structural level of proteins? | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures. |
| The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain called _______ structure. | primary structure |
| The primary chain forms spirals and sheets called ______. | secondary structure |
| superimposed on secondary structure. Helices and/or beta sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds called ______. | tertiary structure |
| Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein called ______. | quaternary structure |
| ______ are extended and strandlike, some exhibit only secondary structure, but most have tertiary or even quaternary structure as well. | fibrous proteins |
| because fibrous proteins are the chief building materials of the body, they are also known as ______. | structural proteins |
| ______ are compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure. | globular proteins |
| globular proteins also called as _____. | functional proteins |
| causing proteins to unfold and lose specific three dimensional shape called ______. | denatured |
| proteins are classified according to their overall appearance and shape as either _____ or ______. | fibrous; gobular proteins |
| When globular proteins are denatures, they can no longer perform their physiological roles because their functions depends on the presence of specific arrangements of atoms called ______. | active sites |
| All cells contain aclass of unrelated globular proteins called ______ which, among other things, help proteins to acheive their functional three dimensional structure. | molecular chaperones |
| ______ are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. | enzymes |
| _______ are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions but are not used up or changed in those reactions. | catalysts |
| Two groups of proteins. | molecular chaperones and enzymes |
| ______ and ______ are intimately involved in the normal functioning of all cells. | enzymes and molecular chaperones |
| The functional enzyme consists of two parts, collectively called a ______: an _____ (the protein portion) and a _____. | holoenzyme; apoenzyme; cofactor |
| Most organic cofactors are derived from vitamins (especially the B complex vitamins). This type of cofactor is more precisely called a ________. | coenzyme |
| The substance on which an enzyme acts is called a ______. | substrate |
| Every chemical reaction requires that a certain amount of energy called ________,be absorbed to prime the reaction. | activation energy |
| The ______ composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body. | nucleic acids |
| The nucleic acids include two major classes of molecules, ________ and ________. | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| The structural units of nucleic acids, called _____. | nucleotides |
| Five major varieties of nitrogen containing bases can contribute to nucleotide structure: ______,______,______,_____,______. | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. |
| The whole molecule is coiled into a spiral staircase-like structure called a ______. | double helix |
| A always bonds to T and G always bonds to C called _______. | complementary bases |
| _____ is the universal energy compound of body cells. | ATP |
| Energy released during glucose catabolism is coupled to the synthesis of _______. | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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